Abstract

Background: Underweight, overweight, and obesity in childhood and adolescence are associated with adverse health consequences throughout the life-course. Our aim was to estimate worldwide trends in mean body-mass index (BMI) and a comprehensive set of BMI categories that cover underweight to obesity in children and adolescents, and to compare trends with those of adults.

Methods: We pooled 2416 population-based studies with measurements of height and weight on 128·9 million participants aged 5 years and older, including 31·5 million aged 5–19 years. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1975 to 2016 in 200 countries for mean BMI and for prevalence of BMI in the following categories for children and adolescents aged 5–19 years: more than 2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference for children and adolescents (referred to as moderate and severe underweight hereafter), 2 SD to more than 1 SD below the median (mild underweight), 1 SD below the median to 1 SD above the median (healthy weight), more than 1 SD to 2 SD above the median (overweight but not obese), and more than 2 SD above the median (obesity).

Findings: Regional change in age-standardised mean BMI in girls from 1975 to 2016 ranged from virtually no change (−0·01 kg/m² per decade; 95% credible interval −0·42 to 0·39, posterior probability [PP] of the observed decrease being a true decrease=0·5098) in eastern Europe to an increase of 1·00 kg/m² per decade (0·69–1·35, PP>0·9999) in central Latin America and an increase of 0·95 kg/m² per decade (0·64–1·25, PP>0·9999) in Polynesia and Micronesia. The range for boys was from a non-significant increase of 0·09 kg/m² per decade (−0·33 to 0·49, PP=0·6926) in eastern Europe to an increase of 0·77 kg/m² per decade (0·50–1·06, PP>0·9999) in Polynesia and Micronesia. Trends in mean BMI have recently flattened in northwestern Europe and the high-income English-speaking and Asia-Pacific regions for both sexes, southwestern Europe for boys, and central and Andean Latin America for girls. By contrast, the rise in BMI has accelerated in east and south Asia for both sexes, and southeast Asia for boys. Global age-standardised prevalence of obesity increased from 0·7% (0·4–1·2) in 1975 to 5·6% (4·8–6·5) in 2016 in girls, and from 0·9% (0·5–1·3) in 1975 to 7·8% (6·7–9·1) in 2016 in boys; the prevalence of moderate and severe underweight decreased from 9·2% (6·0–12·9) in 1975 to 8·4% (6·8–10·1) in 2016 in girls and from 14·8% (10·4–19·5) in 1975 to 12·4% (10·3–14·5) in 2016 in boys. Prevalence of moderate and severe underweight was highest in India, at 22·7% (16·7–29·6) among girls and 30·7% (23·5–38·0) among boys. Prevalence of obesity was more than 30% in girls in Nauru, the Cook Islands, and Palau; and boys in the Cook Islands, Nauru, Palau, Niue, and American Samoa in 2016. Prevalence of obesity was about 20% or more in several countries in Polynesia and Micronesia, the Middle East and north Africa, the Caribbean, and the USA. In 2016, 75 (44–117) million girls and 117 (70–178) million boys worldwide were moderately or severely underweight. In the same year, 50 (24–89) million girls and 74 (39–125) million boys worldwide were obese.

Interpretation: The rising trends in children’s and adolescents’ BMI have plateaued in many high-income countries, albeit at high levels, but have accelerated in parts of Asia, with trends no longer correlated with those of adults.

NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) Pooled Analysis and Writing (* joint first authors) James Bentham (University of Kent, UK Imperial College London, UK)* Mariachiara Di Cesare (Middlesex University, UK)* Ver Bilano (Imperial College London, UK)* Honor Bixby (Imperial College London, UK)* Bin Zhou (Imperial College London, UK)* Gretchen A Stevens (World Health Organization, Switzerland) Leanne M Riley (World Health Organization, Switzerland) Cristina Taddei (Imperial College London, UK) Kaveh Hajifathalian (Cleveland Clinic, USA) Yuan Lu (Yale University, USA) Stefan Savin (World Health Organization, Switzerland) Melanie J Cowan (World Health Organization, Switzerland) Christopher J Paciorek (University of California, Berkeley, USA) Adela Chirita-Emandi (Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania) Alison J Hayes (University of Sydney, Australia) Joanne Katz (Johns Hopkins University, USA) Roya Kelishadi (Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran) Andre Pascal Kengne (South African Medical Research Council, South Africa) Young-Ho Khang (Seoul National University, South Korea) Avula Laxmaiah (National Institute of Nutrition, India) Yanping Li (Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, USA) Jun Ma (Peking University, China) J Jaime Miranda (Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Peru) Aya Mostafa (Ain Shams University, Egypt) Martin Neovius (Karolinska Institutet, Sweden) Cristina Padez (University of Coimbra, Portugal) Lekhraj Rampal (Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia) Aubrianna Zhu (Imperial College London, UK) James E Bennett (Imperial College London, UK) Goodarz Danaei (Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, USA) Zulfiqar A Bhutta (The Hospital for Sick Children, Canada Aga Khan University, Pakistan) Majid Ezzati (Imperial College London, UK) Country and Regional Data (* equal contribution listed alphabetically) Leandra Abarca-Gómez (Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, Costa Rica)* Ziad A Abdeen (Al-Quds University, Palestine)* Zargar Abdul Hamid (Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Care, India)* Niveen M Abu-Rmeileh (Birzeit University, Palestine)* Benjamin Acosta-Cazares (Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico)* Cecilia Acuin (International Rice Research Institute, Philippines)* Robert J Adams (The University of Adelaide, Australia)* Wichai Aekplakorn (Mahidol University, Thailand)* Kaosar Afsana (BRAC, Bangladesh)* Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas (Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutricion, Mexico)* Charles Agyemang (University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands)* Alireza Ahmadvand (Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Iran)* Wolfgang Ahrens (Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology — BIPS, Germany)* Kamel Ajlouni (National Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Jordan)* Nazgul Akhtaeva (Kazakh National Medical University, Kazakhstan)* Hazzaa M Al-Hazzaa (King Saud University, Saudi Arabia)* Amani Rashed Al-Othman (Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait)* Rajaa Al-Raddadi (Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia)* Fadia AlBuhairan (King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Saudi Arabia)* Shahla AlDhukair (King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Saudi Arabia)* Mohamed M Ali (World Health Organization, Switzerland)* Osman Ali (Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia)* Ala’a Alkerwi (Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg)* Mar Alvarez-Pedrerol (ISGlobal Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Spain)* Eman Aly (World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Egypt)* Deepak N Amarapurkar (Bombay Hospital and Medical Rsearch Centre, India)* Philippe Amouyel (Lille University and Hospital, France)* Antoinette Amuzu (London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK)* Lars Bo Andersen (Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Norway)* Sigmund A Anderssen (Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Norway)* Dolores S Andrade (Universidad de Cuenca, Ecuador)* Lars H Ängquist (Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, Denmark)* Ranjit Mohan Anjana (Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, India)* Hajer Aounallah-Skhiri (National Institute of Public Health, Tunisia)* Joana Araújo (Universidade do Porto, Portugal)* Inger Ariansen (Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway)* Tahir Aris (Ministry of Health Malaysia, Malaysia)* Nimmathota Arlappa (National Institute of Nutrition, India)* Dominique Arveiler (University of Strasbourg and Strasbourg University Hospital, France)* Krishna K Aryal (Nepal Health Research Council, Nepal)* Thor Aspelund (University of Iceland, Iceland)* Felix K Assah (University of Yaoundé 1, Cameroon)* Maria Cecília F Assunção (Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil)* May Soe Aung (University of Medicine 1, Myanmar)* Mária Avdicová (Banska Bystrica Regional Authority of Public Health, Slovakia)* Ana Azevedo (University of Porto Medical School, Portugal)* Fereidoun Azizi (Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran)* Bontha V Babu (Indian Council of Medical Research, India)* Suhad Bahijri (King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia)* Jennifer L Baker (Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark)* Nagalla Balakrishna (National Institute of Nutrition, India)* Mohamed Bamoshmoosh (University of Science and Technology, Yemen)* Maciej Banach (Medical University of Lodz, Poland)* Piotr Bandosz (Medical University of Gdansk, Poland)* José R Banegas (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain)* Carlo M Barbagallo (University of Palermo, Italy)* Alberto Barceló (Pan American Health Organization, USA)* Amina Barkat (Mohammed V University de Rabat, Morocco)* Aluisio JD Barros (Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil)* Mauro VG Barros (University of Pernambuco, Brazil)* Iqbal Bata (Dalhousie University, Canada)* Anwar M Batieha (Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan)* Rosangela L Batista (Federal University of Maranhao, Brazil)* Assembekov Batyrbek (Kazakh National Medical University, Kazakhstan)* Louise A Baur (University of Sydney, Australia)* Robert Beaglehole (University of Auckland, New Zealand)* Habiba Ben Romdhane (University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia)* Judith Benedics (Federal Ministry of Health and Women’s Affairs, Austria)* Mikhail Benet (CAFAM University Foundation, Colombia)* James E Bennett (Imperial College London, UK)* Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz (Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Peru)* Gailute Bernotiene (Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania)* Heloisa Bettiol (University of São Paulo, Brazil)* Aroor Bhagyalaxmi (B J Medical College, India)* Sumit Bharadwaj (Chirayu Medical College, India)* Santosh K Bhargava (Sunder Lal Jain Hospital, India)* Zaid Bhatti (Aga Khan University, Pakistan)* Zulfiqar A Bhutta (The Hospital for Sick Children, Canada Aga Khan University, Pakistan)* Hongsheng Bi (Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China)* Yufang Bi (Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, China)* Anna Biehl (Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway)* Mukharram Bikbov (Ufa Eye Research Institute, Russia)* Bihungum Bista (Nepal Health Research Council, Nepal)* Dusko J Bjelica (University of Montenegro, Montenegro)* Peter Bjerregaard (University of Southern Denmark, Denmark University of Greenland, Greenland)* Espen Bjertness (University of Oslo, Norway)* Marius B Bjertness (University of Oslo, Norway)* Cecilia Björkelund (University of Gothenburg, Sweden)* Anneke Blokstra (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, The Netherlands)* Simona Bo (University of Turin, Italy)* Martin Bobak (University College London, UK)* Lynne M Boddy (Liverpool John Moores University, UK)* Bernhard O Boehm (Nanyang Technological University, Singapore)* Heiner Boeing (German Institute of Human Nutrition, Germany)* Jose G Boggia (Universidad de la República, Uruguay)* Carlos P Boissonnet (CEMIC, Argentina)* Marialaura Bonaccio (IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Italy)* Vanina Bongard (Toulouse University School of Medicine, France)* Pascal Bovet (Ministry of Health, Seychelles University of Lausanne, Switzerland)* Lien Braeckevelt (Flemish Agency for Care and Health, Belgium)* Lutgart Braeckman (Ghent University, Belgium)* Marjolijn CE Bragt (FrieslandCampina, The Netherlands)* Imperia Brajkovich (Universidad Central de Venezuela, Venezuela)* Francesco Branca (World Health Organization, Switzerland)* Juergen Breckenkamp (Bielefeld University, Germany)* João Breda (World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Denmark)* Hermann Brenner (German Cancer Research Center, Germany)* Lizzy M Brewster (University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands)* Garry R Brian (The Fred Hollows Foundation New Zealand, New Zealand)* Lacramioara Brinduse (Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania)* Graziella Bruno (University of Turin, Italy)* H B(as) Bueno-de-Mesquita (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, The Netherlands)* Anna Bugge (University of Southern Denmark, Denmark)* Marta Buoncristiano (World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Denmark)* Genc Burazeri (Institute of Public Health, Albania)* Con Burns (Cork Institute of Technology, Ireland)* Antonio Cabrera de León (Universidad de La Laguna, Spain)* Joseph Cacciottolo (University of Malta, Malta)* Hui Cai (Vanderbilt University, USA)* Tilema Cama (Ministry of Health, Tonga)* Christine Cameron (Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Canada)* José Camolas (Hospital Santa Maria, Portugal)* Günay Can (Istanbul University, Turkey)* Ana Paula C Cândido (Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Brazil)* Mario Capanzana (Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Philippines)* Vincenzo Capuano (Cardiologia di Mercato S. Severino, Italy)* Viviane C Cardoso (University of São Paulo, Brazil)* Axel C Carlsson (Karolinska Institutet, Sweden)* Maria J Carvalho (University of Porto, Portugal)* Felipe F Casanueva (Santiago de Compostela University, Spain)* Juan-Pablo Casas (University College London, UK)* Carmelo A Caserta (Associazione Calabrese di Epatologia, Italy)* Snehalatha Chamukuttan (India Diabetes Research Foundation, India)* Angelique W Chan (Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore)* Queenie Chan (Imperial College London, UK)* Himanshu K Chaturvedi (National Institute of Medical Statistics, India)* Nishi Chaturvedi (University College London, UK)* Chien-Jen Chen (Academia Sinica, Taiwan)* Fangfang Chen (Capital Institute of Pediatrics, China)* Huashuai Chen (Duke University, USA)* Shuohua Chen (Kailuan General Hospital, China)* Zhengming Chen (University of Oxford, UK)* Ching-Yu Cheng (Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore)* Angela Chetrit (The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Israel)* Ekaterina Chikova-Iscener (National Centre of Public Health and Analyses, Bulgaria)* Arnaud Chiolero (University of Bern, Switzerland)* Shu-Ti Chiou (Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan)* Adela Chirita-Emandi (Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania)* María-Dolores Chirlaque (Murcia Regional Health Council, Spain)* Belong Cho (Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea)* Yumi Cho (Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, South Korea)* Kaare Christensen (University of Southern Denmark, Denmark)* Diego G Christofaro (Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil)* Jerzy Chudek (Medical University of Silesia, Poland)* Renata Cifkova (Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic)* Eliza Cinteza (Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania)* Frank Claessens (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium)* Els Clays (Ghent University, Belgium)* Hans Concin (Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine, Austria)* Susana C Confortin (Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil)* Cyrus Cooper (University of Southampton, UK)* Rachel Cooper (University College London, UK)* Tara C Coppinger (Cork Institute of Technology, Ireland)* Simona Costanzo (IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Italy)* Dominique Cottel (Institut Pasteur de Lille, France)* Chris Cowell (University of Sydney, Australia)* Cora L Craig (Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Canada)* Ana B Crujeiras (CIBEROBN, Spain)* Alexandra Cucu (National Institute of Public Health, Romania)* Graziella D’Arrigo (National Council of Research, Italy)* Eleonora d’Orsi (Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil)* Jean Dallongeville (Institut Pasteur de Lille, France)* Albertino Damasceno (Eduardo Mondlane University, Mozambique)* Camilla T Damsgaard (University of Copenhagen, Denmark)* Goodarz Danaei (Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, USA)* Rachel Dankner (The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Israel)* Thomas M Dantoft (Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Denmark)* Saeed Dastgiri (Tabriz Health Services Managemnet Centre, Iran)* Luc Dauchet (Lille University Hospital, France)* Kairat Davletov (Kazakh National Medical University, Kazakhstan)* Guy De Backer (Ghent University, Belgium)* Dirk De Bacquer (Ghent University, Belgium)* Amalia De Curtis (IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Italy)* Giovanni de Gaetano (IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Italy)* Stefaan De Henauw (Ghent University, Belgium)* Paula Duarte de Oliveira (Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil)* Karin De Ridder (Scientific Institute of Public Health, Belgium)* Delphine De Smedt (Ghent University, Belgium)* Mohan Deepa (Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, India)* Alexander D Deev (National Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Russia)* Abbas Dehghan (Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands)* Hélène Delisle (University of Montreal, Canada)* Francis Delpeuch (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, France)* Valérie Deschamps (French Public Health Agency, France)* Klodian Dhana (Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands)* Augusto F Di Castelnuovo (IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Italy)* Juvenal Soares Dias-da-Costa (Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Brazil)* Alejandro Diaz (National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, Argentina)* Zivka Dika (University of Zagreb, Croatia)* Shirin Djalalinia (Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran)* Ha TP Do (National Institute of Nutrition, Vietnam)* Annette J Dobson (University of Queensland, Australia)* Maria Benedetta Donati (IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Italy)* Chiara Donfrancesco (Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy)* Silvana P Donoso (Universidad de Cuenca, Ecuador)* Angela Döring (Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany)* Maria Dorobantu (Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania)* Ahmad Reza Dorosty (Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran)* Kouamelan Doua (Ministère de la Santé et de la Lutte Contre le Sida, Côte d’Ivoire)* Wojciech Drygas (The Cardinal Wyszynski Institute of Cardiology, Poland)* Jia Li Duan (Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, China)* Charmaine Duante (Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Philippines)* Vesselka Duleva (National Centre of Public Health and Analyses, Bulgaria)* Virginija Dulskiene (Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania)* Vilnis Dzerve (University of Latvia, Latvia)* Elzbieta Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk (Medical University of Lodz, Poland)* Eruke E Egbagbe (University of Benin, Nigeria)* Robert Eggertsen (University of Gothenburg, Sweden)* Gabriele Eiben (University of Skövde, Sweden)* Ulf Ekelund (Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Norway)* Jalila El Ati (National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunisia)* Paul Elliott (Imperial College London, UK)* Reina Engle-Stone (University of California Davis, USA)* Rajiv T Erasmus (University of Stellenbosch, South Africa)* Cihangir Erem (Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey)* Louise Eriksen (University of Southern Denmark, Denmark)* Johan G Eriksson (National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland)* Jorge Escobedo-de la Peña (Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico)* Alun Evans (The Queen’s University of Belfast, UK)* David Faeh (University of Zurich, Switzerland)* Caroline H Fall (University of Southampton, UK)* Victoria Farrugia Sant’Angelo (Primary Health Care, Malta)* Farshad Farzadfar (Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran)* Francisco J Felix-Redondo (Centro de Salud Villanueva Norte, Spain)* Trevor S Ferguson (The University of the West Indies, Jamaica)* Romulo A Fernandes (Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil)* Daniel Fernández-Bergés (Hospital Don Benito-Villanueva de la Serena, Spain)* Daniel Ferrante (Ministry of Health, Argentina)* Marika Ferrari (Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Italy)* Catterina Ferreccio (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile)* Jean Ferrieres (Toulouse University School of Medicine, France)* Joseph D Finn (University of Manchester, UK)* Krista Fischer (University of Tartu, Estonia)* Eric Monterubio Flores (Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Mexico)* Bernhard Föger (Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine, Austria)* Leng Huat Foo (Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia)* Ann-Sofie Forslund (Umeå University, Sweden)* Maria Forsner (Dalarna University, Sweden)* Heba M Fouad (World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Egypt)* Damian K Francis (The University of the West Indies, Jamaica)* Maria do Carmo Franco (Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil)* Oscar H Franco (Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands)* Guillermo Frontera (Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Spain)* Flavio D Fuchs (Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil)* Sandra C Fuchs (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil)* Yuki Fujita (Kindai University, Japan)* Takuro Furusawa (Kyoto University, Japan)* Zbigniew Gaciong (Medical University of Warsaw, Poland)* Mihai Gafencu (Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania)* Daniela Galeone (Ministry of Health, Italy)* Fabio Galvano (University of Catania, Italy)* Manoli Garcia-de-la-Hera (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain)* Dickman Gareta (University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa)* Sarah P Garnett (University of Sydney, Australia)* Jean-Michel Gaspoz (Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland)* Magda Gasull (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain)* Louise Gates (Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australia)* Harald Geiger (Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine, Austria)* Johanna M Geleijnse (Wageningen University, The Netherlands)* Anoosheh Ghasemian (Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Iran)* Simona Giampaoli (Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy)* Francesco Gianfagna (University of Insubria, Italy IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Italy)* Tiffany K Gill (The University of Adelaide, Australia)* Jonathan Giovannelli (Lille University Hospital, France)* Aleksander Giwercman (Lund University, Sweden)* Justyna Godos (University of Catania, Italy)* Sibel Gogen (Ministry of Health, Turkey)* Rebecca A Goldsmith (Ministry of Health, Israel)* David Goltzman (McGill University, Canada)* Helen Gonçalves (Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil)* Margot González-Leon (Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico)* Juan P González-Rivas (The Andes Clinic of Cardio-Metabolic Studies, Venezuela)* Marcela Gonzalez-Gross (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain)* Frederic Gottrand (Université de Lille 2, France)* Antonio Pedro Graça (Ministry of Health, Portugal)* Sidsel Graff-Iversen (Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway)* Dušan Grafnetter (Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Czech Republic)* Aneta Grajda (The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Poland)* Maria G Grammatikopoulou (Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Greece)* Ronald D Gregor (Dalhousie University, Canada)* Tomasz Grodzicki (Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland)* Anders Grøntved (University of Southern Denmark, Denmark)* Giuseppe Grosso (Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele, Italy)* Gabriella Gruden (University of Turin, Italy)* Vera Grujic (University of Novi Sad, Serbia)* Dongfeng Gu (National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, China)* Emanuela Gualdi-Russo (University of Ferrara, Italy)* Pilar Guallar-Castillón (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain)* Ong Peng Guan (Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore)* Elias F Gudmundsson (Icelandic Heart Association, Iceland)* Vilmundur Gudnason (University of Iceland, Iceland)* Ramiro Guerrero (Universidad Icesi, Colombia)* Idris Guessous (Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland)* Andre L Guimaraes (State University of Montes Claros, Brazil)* Martin C Gulliford (King’s College London, UK)* Johanna Gunnlaugsdottir (Icelandic Heart Association, Iceland)* Marc Gunter (International Agency for Research on Cancer, France)* Xiuhua Guo (Capital Medical University, China)* Yin Guo (Capital Medical University, China)* Prakash C Gupta (Healis-Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, India)* Rajeev Gupta (Eternal Heart Care Centre & Research Institute, India)* Oye Gureje (University of Ibadan, Nigeria)* Beata Gurzkowska (The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Poland)* Laura Gutierrez (Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Argentina)* Felix Gutzwiller (University of Zurich, Switzerland)* Farzad Hadaegh (Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran)* Charalambos A Hadjigeorgiou (Research and Education Institute of Child Health, Cyprus)* Khairil Si-Ramlee (Ministry of Health, Brunei)* Jytte Halkjær (Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Denmark)* Ian R Hambleton (The University of the West Indies, Barbados)* Rebecca Hardy (University College London, UK)* Rachakulla Hari Kumar (National Institute of Nutrition, India)* Maria Hassapidou (Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Greece)* Jun Hata (Kyushu University, Japan)* Alison J Hayes (University of Sydney, Australia)* Jiang He (Tulane University, USA)* Regina Heidinger-Felso (University of Pécs, Hungary)* Mirjam Heinen (University College Dublin, Ireland)* Marleen Elisabeth Hendriks (Academic Medical Center of University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands)* Ana Henriques (Universidade do Porto, Portugal)* Leticia Hernandez Cadena (National Institute of Public Health, Mexico)* Sauli Herrala (Oulu University Hospital, Finland)* Victor M Herrera (Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Colombia)* Isabelle Herter-Aeberli (ETH Zurich, Switzerland)* Ramin Heshmat (Chronic Diseases Research Center, Iran)* Ilpo Tapani Hihtaniemi (Imperial College London, UK)* Sai Yin Ho (University of Hong Kong, China)* Suzanne C Ho (The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China)* Michael Hobbs (University of Western Australia, Australia)* Albert Hofman (Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands)* Wilma M Hopman (Kingston General Hospital, Canada)* Andrea RVR Horimoto (Heart Institute, Brazil)* Claudia M Hormiga (Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander, Colombia)* Bernardo L Horta (Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil)* Leila Houti (University of Oran 1, Algeria)* Christina Howitt (The University of the West Indies, Barbados)* Thein Thein Htay (Independent Public Health Specialist, Myanmar)* Aung Soe Htet (Ministry of Health, Myanmar)* Maung Maung Than Htike (Ministry of Health, Myanmar)* Yonghua Hu (Peking University, China)* José María Huerta (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain)* Constanta Huidumac Petrescu (National Institute of Public Health, Romania)* Martijn Huisman (VU University Medical Center and VU University, The Netherlands)* Abdullatif Husseini (Birzeit University, Palestine)* Chinh Nguyen Huu (National Institute of Nutrition, Vietnam)* Inge Huybrechts (International Agency for Research on Cancer, France)* Nahla Hwalla (American University of Beirut, Lebanon)* Jolanda Hyska (Institute of Public Health, Albania)* Licia Iacoviello (IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Italy University of Insubria, Italy)* Anna G Iannone (Cardiologia di Mercato S. Severino, Italy)* Jesús M Ibarluzea (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain)* Mohsen M Ibrahim (Cairo University, Egypt)* Nayu Ikeda (National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Japan)* M Arfan Ikram (Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands)* Vilma E Irazola (Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Argentina)* Muhammad Islam (Aga Khan University, Pakistan)* Aziz al-Safi Ismail (Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia)* Vanja Ivkovic (UHC Zagreb, Croatia)* Masanori Iwasaki (Niigata University, Japan)* Rod T Jackson (University of Auckland, New Zealand)* Jeremy M Jacobs (Hadassah University Medical Center, Israel)* Hashem Jaddou (Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan)* Tazeen Jafar (Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore)* Kazi M Jamil (Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait)* Konrad Jamrozik (University of Adelaide, Australia; deceased)* Imre Janszky (Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway)* Juel Jarani (Sports University of Tirana, Albania)* Grazyna Jasienska (Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland)* Ana Jelaković (UHC Zagreb, Croatia)* Bojan Jelaković (University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Croatia)* Garry Jennings (Heart Foundation, Australia)* Seung-Lyeal Jeong (National Health Insurance Service, South Korea)* Chao Qiang Jiang (Guangzhou 12th Hospital, China)* Santa Magaly Jiménez-Acosta (National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology, Cuba)* Michel Joffres (Simon Fraser University, Canada)* Mattias Johansson (International Agency for Research on Cancer, France)* Jost B Jonas (Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Germany)* Torben Jørgensen (Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Denmark)* Pradeep Joshi (World Health Organization Country Office, India)* Dragana P Jovic (Institute of Public Health of Serbia, Serbia)* Jacek Jóźwiak (Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland)* Anne Juolevi (National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland)* Gregor Jurak (University of Ljubljana, Slovenia)* Vesna Jureša (University of Zagreb, Croatia)* Rudolf Kaaks (German Cancer Research Center, Germany)* Anthony Kafatos (University of Crete, Greece)* Eero O Kajantie (National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland)* Ofra Kalter-Leibovici (The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Israel)* Nor Azmi Kamaruddin (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia)* Efthymios Kapantais (Hellenic Medical Association for Obesity, Greece)* Khem B Karki (Nepal Health Research Council, Nepal)* Amir Kasaeian (Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran)* Joanne Katz (Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA)* Jussi Kauhanen (University of Eastern Finland, Finland)* Prabhdeep Kaur (National Institute of Epidemiology, India)* Maryam Kavousi (Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands)* Gyulli Kazakbaeva (Ufa Eye Research Institute, Russia)* Ulrich Keil (University of Münster, Germany)* Lital Keinan Boker (Israel Center for Disease Control, Israel)* Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi (Oulu University Hospital, Finland)* Roya Kelishadi (Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran)* Cecily Kelleher (University College Dublin, Ireland)* Han CG Kemper (VU University Medical Center, The Netherlands)* Andre P Kengne (South African Medical Research Council, South Africa)* Alina Kerimkulova (Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Kyrgyzstan)* Mathilde Kersting (Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Germany)* Timothy Key (University of Oxford, UK)* Yousef Saleh Khader (Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan)* Davood Khalili (Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran)* Young-Ho Khang (Seoul National University, South Korea)* Mohammad Khateeb (National Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Jordan)* Kay-Tee Khaw (University of Cambridge, UK)* Ilse MSL Khouw (FrieslandCampina, The Netherlands)* Ursula Kiechl-Kohlendorfer (Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria)* Stefan Kiechl (Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria)* Japhet Killewo (Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Tanzania)* Jeongseon Kim (National Cancer Center, South Korea)* Yeon-Yong Kim (National Health Insurance Service, South Korea)* Jeannette Klimont (Statistics Austria, Austria)* Jurate Klumbiene (Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania)* Michael Knoflach (Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria)* Bhawesh Koirala (B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Nepal)* Elin Kolle (Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Norway)* Patrick Kolsteren (Institute of Tropical Medicine, Belgium)* Paul Korrovits (Tartu University Clinics, Estonia)* Jelena Kos (UHC Zagreb, Croatia)* Seppo Koskinen (National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland)* Katsuyasu Kouda (Kindai University, Japan)* Viktoria A Kovacs (National Institute of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Hungary)* Sudhir Kowlessur (Ministry of Health and Quality of Life, Mauritius)* Slawomir Koziel (Polish Academy of Sciences Anthropology Unit in Wroclaw, Poland)* Wolfgang Kratzer (University Hospital Ulm, Germany)* Susi Kriemler (University of Zürich, Switzerland)* Peter Lund Kristensen (University of Southern Denmark, Denmark)* Steinar Krokstad (Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway)* Daan Kromhout (University of Groningen, The Netherlands)* Herculina S Kruger (North-West University, South Africa)* Ruzena Kubinova (National Institute of Public Health, Czech Republic)* Renata Kuciene (Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania)* Diana Kuh (University College London, UK)* Urho M Kujala (University of Jyväskylä, Finland)* Zbigniew Kulaga (The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Poland)* R Krishna Kumar (Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, India)* Marie Kunešová (Institute of Endocrinology, Czech Republic)* Pawel Kurjata (The Cardinal Wyszynski Institute of Cardiology, Poland)* Yadlapalli S Kusuma (All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India)* Kari Kuulasmaa (National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland)* Catherine Kyobutungi (African Population and Health Research Center, Kenya)* Quang Ngoc La (Hanoi University of Public Health, Vietnam)* Fatima Zahra Laamiri (Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Technical Health Morocco, Morocco)* Tiina Laatikainen (National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland)* Carl Lachat (Ghent University, Belgium)* Youcef Laid (National Institute of Public Health of Algeria, Algeria)* Tai Hing Lam (University of Hong Kong, China)* Orlando Landrove (Ministerio de Salud Pública, Cuba)* Vera Lanska (Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Czech Republic)* Georg Lappas (Sahlgrenska Academy, Sweden)* Bagher Larijani (Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Iran)* Lars E Laugsand (Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway)* Laura Lauria (Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy)* Avula Laxmaiah (Indian Council of Medical Research, India)* Khanh Le Nguyen Bao (National Institute of Nutrition, Vietnam)* Tuyen D Le (National Institute of Nutrition, Vietnam)* May Antonnette O Lebanan (Indicium Research, Philippines)* Catherine Leclercq (Food and Agriculture Organization, Italy)* Jeannette Lee (National University of Singapore, Singapore)* Jeonghee Lee (National Cancer Center, South Korea)* Terho Lehtimäki (Tampere University Hospital, Finland)* Luz M León-Muñoz (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain)* Naomi S Levitt (University of Cape Town, South Africa)* Yanping Li (Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, USA)* Christa L Lilly (West Virginia University, USA)* Wei-Yen Lim (National University of Singapore, Singapore)* M Fernanda Lima-Costa (Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rene Rachou Research Institute, Brazil)* Hsien-Ho Lin (National Taiwan University, Taiwan)* Xu Lin (University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China)* Lars Lind (Uppsala University, Sweden)* Allan Linneberg (Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Denmark)* Lauren Lissner (University of Gothenburg, Sweden)* Mieczyslaw Litwin (The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Poland)* Jing Liu (Capital Medical University Beijing An Zhen Hospital, China)* Helle-Mai Loit (National Institute for Health Development, Estonia)* Luis Lopes (University of Porto, Portugal)* Roberto Lorbeer (University Medicine Greifswald, Germany)* Paulo A Lotufo (University of São Paulo, Brazil)* José Eugenio Lozano (Consejería de Sanidad Junta de Castilla y León, Spain)* Dalia Luksiene (Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania)* Annamari Lundqvist (National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland)* Nuno Lunet (Universidade do Porto, Portugal)* Per Lytsy (University of Uppsala, Sweden)* Guansheng Ma (Peking University, China)* Jun Ma (Peking University, China)* George LL Machado-Coelho (Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Brazil)* Aristides M Machado-Rodrigues (University of Coimbra, Portugal)* Suka Machi (The Jikei University School of Medicine, Japan)* Stefania Maggi (National Research Council, Italy)* Dianna J Magliano (Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Australia)* Emmanuella Magriplis (Agricultural University of Athens, Greece)* Alagappan Mahaletchumy (Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia)* Bernard Maire (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, France)* Marjeta Majer (University of Zagreb, Croatia)* Marcia Makdisse (Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Brazil)* Reza Malekzadeh (Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran)* Rahul Malhotra (Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore)* Kodavanti Mallikharjuna Rao (National Institute of Nutrition, India)* Sofia Malyutina (Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine, Russia)* Yannis Manios (Harokopio University, Greece)* Jim I Mann (University of Otago, New Zealand)* Enzo Manzato (University of Padova, Italy)* Paula Margozzini (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile)* Anastasia Markaki (Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Greece)* Oonagh Markey (Loughborough University, UK)* Larissa P Marques (Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil)* Pedro Marques-Vidal (Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland)* Jaume Marrugat (Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Spain)* Yves Martin-Prevel (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, France)* Rosemarie Martin (Mary Immaculate College, Ireland)* Reynaldo Martorell (Emory University, USA)* Eva Martos (Hungarian Society of Sports Medicine, Hungary)* Stefano Marventano (University of Catania, Italy)* Shariq R Masoodi (Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, India)* Ellisiv B Mathiesen (UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Norway)* Alicia Matijasevich (University of São Paulo, Brazil)* Tandi E Matsha (Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa)* Artur Mazur (University of Rzeszow, Poland)* Jean Claude N Mbanya (University of Yaoundé 1, Cameroon)* Shelly R McFarlane (The University of the West Indies, Jamaica)* Stephen T McGarvey (Brown University, USA)* Martin McKee (London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK)* Stela McLachlan (University of Edinburgh, UK)* Rachael M McLean (University of Otago, New Zealand)* Scott B McLean (Statistics Canada, Canada)* Breige A McNulty (University College Dublin, Ireland)* Safiah Md Yusof (International Medical University, Malaysia)* Sounnia Mediene-Benchekor (University of Oran 1, Algeria)* Jurate Medzioniene (Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania)* Aline Meirhaeghe (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, France)* Jørgen Meisfjord (Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway)* Christa Meisinger (Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany)* Ana Maria B Menezes (Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil)* Geetha R Menon (Indian Council of Medical Research, India)* Gert BM Mensink (Robert Koch Institute, Germany)* Indrapal I Meshram (National Institute of Nutrition, India)* Andres Metspalu (University of Tartu, Estonia)* Haakon E Meyer (University of Oslo, Norway)* Jie Mi (Capital Institute of Pediatrics, China)* Kim F Michaelsen (University of Copenhagen, Denmark)* Nathalie Michels (Ghent University, Belgium)* Kairit Mikkel (University of Tartu, Estonia)* Jody C Miller (University of Otago, New Zealand)* Cláudia S Minderico (Lusófona University, Portugal)* Juan Francisco Miquel (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile)* J Jaime Miranda (Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Peru)* Daphne Mirkopoulou (Democritus University, Greece)* Erkin Mirrakhimov (Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Kyrgyzstan)* Marjeta Mišigoj-Durakovic (University of Zagreb, Croatia)* Antonio Mistretta (University of Catania, Italy)* Veronica Mocanu (Grigore T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania)* Pietro A Modesti (Universita’ degli Studi di Firenze, Italy)* Mostafa K Mohamed (Ain Shams University, Egypt)* Kazem Mohammad (Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran)* Noushin Mohammadifard (Hypertension Research Center, Iran)* Viswanathan Mohan (Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, India)* Salim Mohanna (Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Peru)* Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff (Ministry of Health Malaysia, Malaysia)* Drude Molbo (University of Copenhagen, Denmark)* Line T Møllehave (Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Denmark)* Niels C Møller (University of Southern Denmark, Denmark)* Dénes Molnár (University of Pécs, Hungary)* Amirabbas Momenan (Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran)* Charles K Mondo (Mulago Hospital, Uganda)* Eric A Monterrubio (Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Mexico)* Kotsedi Daniel K Monyeki (University of Limpopo, South Africa)* Jin Soo Moon (Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, South Korea)* Leila B Moreira (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil)* Alain Morejon (University Medical Science, Cuba)* Luis A Moreno (Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain)* Karen Morgan (RCSI Dublin, Ireland)* Erik Lykke Mortensen (University of Copenhagen, Denmark)* George Moschonis (Harokopio University, Greece)* Malgorzata Mossakowska (International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Poland)* Aya Mostafa (Ain Shams University, Egypt)* Jorge Mota (University of Porto, Portugal)* Anabela Mota-Pinto (University of Coimbra, Portugal)* Mohammad Esmaeel Motlagh (Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran)* Jorge Motta (Gorgas Memorial Institute of Public Health, Panama)* Thet Thet Mu (Department of Public Health, Myanmar)* Magdalena Muc (University of Coimbra, Portugal)* Maria Lorenza Muiesan (University of Brescia, Italy)* Martina Müller-Nurasyid (Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany)* Neil Murphy (International Agency for Research on Cancer, France)* Jaakko Mursu (University of Eastern Finland, Finland)* Elaine M Murtagh (Mary Immaculate College, Ireland)* Vera Musil (University of Zagreb, Croatia)* Iraj Nabipour (Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Iran)* Gabriele Nagel (Ulm University, Germany)* Balkish M Naidu (Institute of Public Health, Malaysia)* Harunobu Nakamura (Kobe University, Japan)* Jana Námešná (Banska Bystrica Regional Authority of Public Health, Slovakia)* Ei Ei K Nang (National University of Singapore, Singapore)* Vinay B Nangia (Suraj Eye Institute, India)* Martin Nankap (Helen Keller International, Cameroon)* Sameer Narake (Healis-Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, India)* Paola Nardone (Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy)* Eva Maria Navarrete-Muñoz (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain)* William A Neal (West Virginia University, USA)* Ilona Nenko (Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland)* Martin Neovius (Karolinska Institutet, Sweden)* Flavio Nervi (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile)* Chung T Nguyen (National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Vietnam)* Nguyen D Nguyen (University of Pharmacy and Medicine of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam)* Quang Ngoc Nguyen (Hanoi Medical University, Vietnam)* Ramfis E Nieto-Martínez (Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, USA)* Guang Ning (Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, China)* Toshiharu Ninomiya (Kyushu University, Japan)* Sania Nishtar (Heartfile, Pakistan)* Marianna Noale (National Research Council, Italy)* Oscar A Noboa (Universidad de la República, Uruguay)* Teresa Norat (Imperial College London, UK)* Sawada Norie (National Cancer Center, Japan)* Davide Noto (University of Palermo, Italy)* Mohannad Al Nsour (Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network, Jordan)* Dermot O’Reilly (The Queen’s University of Belfast, UK)* Galina Obreja (State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Moldova)* Eiji Oda (Tachikawa General Hospital, Japan)* Glenn Oehlers (Academic Hospital of Paramaribo, Suriname)* Kyungwon Oh (Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, South Korea)* Kumiko Ohara (Kobe University, Japan)* Örn Olafsson (Icelandic Heart Association, Iceland)* Maria Teresa Anselmo Olinto (University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Brazil)* Isabel O Oliveira (Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil)* Maciej Oltarzewski (National Food and Nutrition Institute, Poland)* Mohd Azahadi Omar (Ministry of Health Malaysia, Malaysia)* Altan Onat (Istanbul University, Turkey)* Sok King Ong (Ministry of Health, Brunei)* Lariane M Ono (Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil)* Pedro Ordunez (Pan American Health Organization, USA)* Rui Ornelas (University of Madeira, Portugal)* Ana P Ortiz (University of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico)* Merete Osler (Research Center for Prevention and Health, Denmark)* Clive Osmond (MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, UK)* Sergej M Ostojic (University of Novi Sad, Serbia)* Afshin Ostovar (Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Iran)* Johanna A Otero (Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander, Colombia)* Kim Overvad (Aarhus University, Denmark)* Ellis Owusu-Dabo (Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana)* Fred Michel Paccaud (Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, Switzerland)* Cristina Padez (University of Coimbra, Portugal)* Elena Pahomova (University of Latvia, Latvia)* Andrzej Pajak (Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland)* Domenico Palli (Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Italy)* Alberto Palloni (University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA)* Luigi Palmieri (Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy)* Wen-Harn Pan (Academia Sinica, Taiwan)* Songhomitra Panda-Jonas (Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Germany)* Arvind Pandey (National Institute of Medical Statistics, India)* Francesco Panza (IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Italy)* Dimitrios Papandreou (Zayed University, United Arab Emirates)* Soon-Woo Park (Catholic University of Daegu, South Korea)* Winsome R Parnell (University of Otago, New Zealand)* Mahboubeh Parsaeian (Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran)* Ionela M Pascanu (Tg Mures University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania)* Nikhil D Patel (Jivandeep Hospital, India)* Ivan Pećin (University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Croatia; UHC Zagreb, Croatia)* Mangesh S Pednekar (Healis-Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, India)* Nasheeta Peer (South African Medical Research Council, South Africa)* Petra H Peeters (University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands)* Sergio Viana Peixoto (Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rene Rachou Research Institute, Brazil)* Markku Peltonen (National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland)* Alexandre C Pereira (Heart Institute, Brazil)* Napoleon Perez-Farinos (Spanish Agency of Consumer Affairs, Social Services and Nutrition, Spain)* Cynthia M Pérez (University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, Puerto Rico)* Annette Peters (Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany)* Janina Petkeviciene (Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania)* Ausra Petrauskiene (Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania)* Niloofar Peykari (Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Iran)* Son Thai Pham (Vietnam National Heart Institute, Vietnam)* Daniela Pierannunzio (Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy)* Iris Pigeot (Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology — BIPS, Germany)* Hynek Pikhart (University College London, UK)* Aida Pilav (University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina)* Lorenza Pilotto (Cardiovascular Prevention Centre Udine, Italy)* Francesco Pistelli (University Hospital of Pisa, Italy)* Freda Pitakaka (Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Solomon Islands)* Aleksandra Piwonska (The Cardinal Wyszynski Institute of Cardiology, Poland)* Pedro Plans-Rubió (Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Spain)* Bee Koon Poh (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia)* Hermann Pohlabeln (Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology — BIPS, Germany)* Raluca M Pop (Tg Mures University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania)* Stevo R Popovic (University of Montenegro, Montenegro)* Miquel Porta (Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Spain)* Marileen LP Portegies (Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands)* Georg Posch (Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine, Austria)* Dimitrios Poulimeneas (Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Greece)* Hamed Pouraram (Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran)* Akram Pourshams (Digestive Oncology Research Center, Iran)* Hossein Poustchi (Digestive Disease Research Institute, Iran)* Rajendra Pradeepa (Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, India)* Mathur Prashant (Indian Council of Medical Research, India)* Jacqueline F Price (University of Edinburgh, UK)* Jardena J Puder (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Switzerland)* Iveta Pudule (Centre for Disease and Prevention Control, Latvia)* Maria Puiu (Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania)* Margus Punab (Tartu University Clinics, Estonia)* Radwan F Qasrawi (Al-Quds University, Palestine)* Mostafa Qorbani (Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Iran)* Tran Quoc Bao (Ministry of Health, Vietnam)* Ivana Radic (University of Novi Sad, Serbia)* Ricardas Radisauskas (Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania)* Mahfuzar Rahman (BRAC, Bangladesh)* Mahmudur Rahman (Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research, Bangladesh)* Olli Raitakari (University of Turku, Finland)* Manu Raj (Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, India)* Sudha Ramachandra Rao (National Institute of Epidemiology, India)* Ambady Ramachandran (India Diabetes Research Foundation, India)* Jacqueline Ramke (University of New South Wales, Australia)* Elisabete Ramos (University of Porto Medical School, Portugal)* Rafel Ramos (Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol, Spain)* Lekhraj Rampal (Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia)* Sanjay Rampal (University of Malaya, Malaysia)* Ramon A Rascon-Pacheco (Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico)* Josep Redon (University of Valencia, Spain)* Paul Ferdinand M Reganit (University of the Philippines, Philippines)* Lourdes Ribas-Barba (Nutrition Research Foundation, Spain)* Robespierre Ribeiro (Minas Gerais State Secretariat for Health, Brazil; deceased)* Elio Riboli (Imperial College London, UK)* Fernando Rigo (Health Center San Agustín, Spain)* Tobias F Rinke de Wit (PharmAccess Foundation, The Netherlands)* Ana Rito (National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Portugal)* Raphael M Ritti-Dias (Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Brazil)* Juan A Rivera (Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Mexico)* Sian M Robinson (University of Southampton, UK)* Cynthia Robitaille (Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada)* Daniela Rodrigues (University of Coimbra, Portugal)* Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain)* María del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez (Canarian Health Service, Spain)* Laura A Rodríguez-Villamizar (Universidad Industrial de Santander, Colombia)* Rosalba Rojas-Martinez (Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Mexico)* Nipa Rojroongwasinkul (Mahidol University, Thailand)* Dora Romaguera (CIBEROBN, Spain)* Kimmo Ronkainen (University of Eastern Finland, Finland)* Annika Rosengren (University of Gothenburg, Sweden)* Ian Rouse (Fiji National University, Fiji)* Joel GR Roy (Statistics Canada, Canada)* Adolfo Rubinstein (Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Argentina)* Frank J Rühli (University of Zurich, Switzerland)* Blanca Sandra Ruiz-Betancourt (Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico)* Paola Russo (Institute of Food Sciences of the National Research Council, Italy)* Marcin Rutkowski (Medical University of Gdansk, Poland)* Charumathi Sabanayagam (Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore)* Harshpal S Sachdev (Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research, India)* Olfa Saidi (University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia)* Benoit Salanave (French Public Health Agency, France)* Eduardo Salazar Martinez (National Institute of Public Health, Mexico)* Diego Salmerón (CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain)* Veikko Salomaa (National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland)* Jukka T Salonen (University of Helsinki, Finland)* Massimo Salvetti (University of Brescia, Italy)* Jose Sánchez-Abanto (National Institute of Health, Peru)* Sandjaja (Ministry of Health, Indonesia)* Susana Sans (Catalan Department of Health, Spain)* Loreto Santa Marina (Public Health Subdelegate Office, Spain)* Diana A Santos (Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal)* Ina S Santos (Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil)* Osvaldo Santos (Institute of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Portugal)* Renata Nunes dos Santos (University of Sao Paulo Clinics Hospital, Brazil)* Rute Santos (University of Porto, Portugal)* Jouko L Saramies (South Karelia Social and Health Care District, Finland)* Luis B Sardinha (Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal)* Nizal Sarrafzadegan (Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Iran)* Kai-Uwe Saum (German Cancer Research Center, Germany)* Savvas Savva (Research and Education Institute of Child Health, Cyprus)* Mathilde Savy (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, France)* Marcia Scazufca (University of Sao Paulo Clinics Hospital, Brazil)* Angelika Schaffrath Rosario (Robert Koch Institute, Germany)* Herman Schargrodsky (Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina)* Anja Schienkiewitz (Robert Koch Institute, Germany)* Sabine Schipf (University Medicine of Greifswald, Germany)* Carsten O Schmidt (University Medicine of Greifswald, Germany)* Ida Maria Schmidt (Rigshospitalet, Denmark)* Constance Schultsz (Academic Medical Center of University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands)* Aletta E Schutte (South African Medical Research Council, South Africa North-West University, South Africa)* Aye Aye Sein (Ministry of Health, Myanmar)* Abhijit Sen (Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway)* Idowu O Senbanjo (Lagos State University College of Medicine, Nigeria)* Sadaf G Sepanlou (Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran)* Luis Serra-Majem (University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain)* Svetlana A Shalnova (National Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Russia)* Sanjib K Sharma (B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Nepal)* Jonathan E Shaw (Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Australia)* Kenji Shibuya (The University of Tokyo, Japan)* Dong Wook Shin (Samsung Medical Center, South Korea)* Youchan Shin (Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore)* Rahman Shiri (Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland)* Alfonso Siani (Institute of Food Sciences of the National Research Council, Italy)* Rosalynn Siantar (Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore)* Abla M Sibai (American University of Beirut, Lebanon)* Antonio M Silva (Federal University of Maranhao, Brazil)* Diego Augusto Santos Silva (Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil)* Mary Simon (India Diabetes Research Foundation, India)* Judith Simons (St Vincent’s Hospital, Australia)* Leon A Simons (University of New South Wales, Australia)* Agneta Sjöberg (University of Gothenburg, Sweden)* Michael Sjöström (Karolinska Institutet, Sweden)* Sine Skovbjerg (Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Denmark)* Jolanta Slowikowska-Hilczer (Medical University of Lodz, Poland)* Przemyslaw Slusarczyk (International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Poland)* Liam Smeeth (London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK)* Margaret C Smith (University of Oxford, UK)* Marieke B Snijder (Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands)* Hung-Kwan So (The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China)* Eugène Sobngwi (University of Yaoundé 1, Cameroon)* Stefan Söderberg (Umeå University, Sweden)* Moesijanti YE Soekatri (Health Polytechnic Jakarta II Institute, Indonesia)* Vincenzo Solfrizzi (University of Bari, Italy)* Emily Sonestedt (Lund University, Sweden)* Yi Song (Peking University, China)* Thorkild IA Sørensen (University of Copenhagen, Denmark)* Maroje Soric (University of Zagreb, Croatia)* Charles Sossa Jérome (Institut Régional de Santé Publique, Benin)* Aicha Soumare (University of Bordeaux, France)* Angela Spinelli (Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy)* Igor Spiroski (Institute of Public Health of Republic of Macedonia, Macedonia (TFYR))* Jan A Staessen (University of Leuven, Belgium)* Hanspeter Stamm (Lamprecht und Stamm Sozialforschung und Beratung AG, Switzerland)* Gregor Starc (University of Ljubljana, Slovenia)* Maria G Stathopoulou (INSERM, France)* Kaspar Staub (University of Zurich, Switzerland)* Bill Stavreski (Heart Foundation, Australia)* Jostein Steene-Johannessen (Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Norway)* Peter Stehle (Bonn University, Germany)* Aryeh D Stein (Emory University, USA)* George S Stergiou (Sotiria Hospital, Greece)* Jochanan Stessman (Hadassah University Medical Center, Israel)* Jutta Stieber (Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; deceased)* Doris Stöckl (Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany)* Tanja Stocks (Lund University, Sweden)* Jakub Stokwiszewski (National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, Poland)* Gareth Stratton (Swansea University, UK)* Karien Stronks (University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands)* Maria Wany Strufaldi (Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil)* Ramón Suárez-Medina (National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology, Cuba)* Chien-An Sun (Fu Jen Catholic University, Taiwan)* Johan Sundström (Uppsala University, Sweden)* Yn-Tz Sung (The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China)* Jordi Sunyer (ISGlobal Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Spain)* Paibul Suriyawongpaisal (Mahidol University, Thailand)* Boyd A Swinburn (The University of Auckland, New Zealand)* Rody G Sy (University of the Philippines, Philippines)* Lucjan Szponar (National Food and Nutrition Institute, Poland)* E Shyong Tai (National University of Singapore, Singapore)* Mari-Liis Tammesoo (University of Tartu, Estonia)* Abdonas Tamosiunas (Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania)* Eng Joo Tan (University of Sydney, Australia)* Xun Tang (Peking University, China)* Frank Tanser (University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa)* Yong Tao (Peking University, China)* Mohammed Rasoul Tarawneh (Ministry of Health, Jordan)* Jakob Tarp (University of Southern Denmark, Denmark)* Carolina B Tarqui-Mamani (National Institute of Health, Peru)* Oana-Florentina Tautu (Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania)* Radka Taxová Braunerová (Institute of Endocrinology, Czech Republic)* Anne Taylor (The University of Adelaide, Australia)* Félicité Tchibindat (UNICEF, Cameroon)* Holger Theobald (Karolinska Institutet, Sweden)* Xenophon Theodoridis (Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Greece)* Lutgarde Thijs (University of Leuven, Belgium)* Betina H Thuesen (Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Denmark)* Anne Tjonneland (Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Denmark)* Hanna K Tolonen (National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland)* Janne S Tolstrup (University of Southern Denmark, Denmark)* Murat Topbas (Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey)* Roman Topór-Madry (Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland)* María José Tormo (Health Service of Murcia, Spain)* Michael J Tornaritis (Research and Education Institute of Child Health, Cyprus)* Maties Torrent (IB-SALUT Area de Salut de Menorca, Spain)* Stefania Toselli (University of Bologna, Italy)* Pierre Traissac (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, France)* Dimitrios Trichopoulos (Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, USA; deceased)* Antonia Trichopoulou (Hellenic Health Foundation, Greece)* Oanh TH Trinh (University of Pharmacy and Medicine of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam)* Atul Trivedi (Government Medical College, India)* Lechaba Tshepo (Sefako Makgatho Health Science University, South Africa)* Maria Tsigga (Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Greece)* Shoichiro Tsugane (National Cancer Center, Japan)* Marshall K Tulloch-Reid (The University of the West Indies, Jamaica)* Fikru Tullu (Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia)* Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen (University of Eastern Finland, Finland)* Jaakko Tuomilehto (Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait)* Maria L Turley (Ministry of Health, New Zealand)* Per Tynelius (Karolinska Institutet, Sweden)* Themistoklis Tzotzas (Hellenic Medical Association for Obesity, Greece)* Christophe Tzourio (University of Bordeaux, France)* Peter Ueda (Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, USA)* Eunice E Ugel (Universidad Centro-Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, Venezuela)* Flora AM Ukoli (Meharry Medical College, USA)* Hanno Ulmer (Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria)* Belgin Unal (Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey)* Hannu MT Uusitalo (University of Tampere Tays Eye Center, Finland)* Gonzalo Valdivia (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile)* Susana Vale (Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal)* Damaskini Valvi (Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, USA)* Yvonne T van der Schouw (Utrecht University, The Netherlands)* Koen Van Herck (Ghent University, Belgium)* Hoang Van Minh (Hanoi University of Public Health, Vietnam)* Lenie van Rossem (University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands)* Natasja M Van Schoor (Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, The Netherlands)* Irene GM van Valkengoed (Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands)* Dirk Vanderschueren (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium)* Diego Vanuzzo (Cardiovascular Prevention Centre Udine, Italy)* Lars Vatten (Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway)* Tomas Vega (Consejería de Sanidad Junta de Castilla y León, Spain)* Toomas Veidebaum (National Institute for Health Development, Estonia)* Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil)* Biruta Velika (Centre for Disease and Prevention Control, Latvia)* Giovanni Veronesi (University of Insubria, Italy)* WM Monique Verschuren (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, The Netherlands)* Cesar G Victora (Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil)* Giovanni Viegi (Italian National Research Council, Italy)* Lucie Viet (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, The Netherlands)* Eira Viikari-Juntura (Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland)* Paolo Vineis (Imperial College London, UK)* Jesus Vioque (Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Spain)* Jyrki K Virtanen (University of Eastern Finland, Finland)* Sophie Visvikis-Siest (INSERM, France)* Bharathi Viswanathan (Ministry of Health, Seychelles)* Tiina Vlasoff (North Karelian Center for Public Health, Finland)* Peter Vollenweider (Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland)* Henry Völzke (University Medicine Greifswald, Germany)* Sari Voutilainen (University of Eastern Finland, Finland)* Martine Vrijheid (ISGlobal Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Spain)* Alisha N Wade (University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa)* Aline Wagner (University of Strasbourg, France)* Thomas Waldhör (Medical University of Vienna, Austria)* Janette Walton (University College Cork, Ireland)* Wan Mohamad Wan Bebakar (Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia)* Wan Nazaimoon Wan Mohamud (Institute for Medical Research, Malaysia)* Rildo S Wanderley Jr. (University of Pernambuco, Brazil)* Ming-Dong Wang (Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada)* Qian Wang (Xinjiang Medical University, China)* Ya Xing Wang (Capital Medical University, China)* Ying-Wei Wang (Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan)* S Goya Wannamethee (University College London, UK)* Nicholas Wareham (University of Cambridge, UK)* Adelheid Weber (Federal Ministry of Health and Women’s Affairs, Austria)* Niels Wedderkopp (University of Southern Denmark, Denmark)* Deepa Weerasekera (Ministry of Health, New Zealand)* Peter H Whincup (St George’s, University of London, UK)* Kurt Widhalm (Medical University of Vienna, Austria)* Indah S Widyahening (Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia)* Andrzej Wiecek (Medical University of Silesia, Poland)* Alet H Wijga (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, The Netherlands)* Rainford J Wilks (The University of the West Indies, Jamaica)* Johann Willeit (Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria)* Peter Willeit (Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria)* Tom Wilsgaard (UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Norway)* Bogdan Wojtyniak (National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, Poland)* Roy A Wong-McClure (Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, Costa Rica)* Justin YY Wong (Ministry of Health, Brunnei)* Jyh Eiin Wong (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia)* Tien Yin Wong (Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore)* Jean Woo (The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China)* Mark Woodward (University of New South Wales, Australia; University of Oxford, UK)* Frederick C Wu (University of Manchester, UK)* Jianfeng Wu (Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China)* Shouling Wu (Kailuan General Hospital, China)* Haiquan Xu (Institute of Food and Nutrition Development of Ministry of Agriculture, China)* Liang Xu (Capital Medical University, China)* Uruwan Yamborisut (Mahidol University, Thailand)* Weili Yan (Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, China)* Xiaoguang Yang (Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China)* Nazan Yardim (Ministry of Health, Turkey)* Xingwang Ye (University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China)* Panayiotis K Yiallouros (University of Cyprus, Cyprus)* Agneta Yngve (Uppsala University, Sweden)* Akihiro Yoshihara (Niigata University, Japan)* Qi Sheng You (Capital Medical University, China)* Novie O Younger-Coleman (The University of the West Indies, Jamaica)* Faudzi Yusoff (Ministry of Health Malaysia, Malaysia)* Muhammad Fadhli M Yusoff (Institute of Public Health, Malaysia)* Luciana Zaccagni (University of Ferrara, Italy)* Vassilis Zafiropulos (Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Greece)* Ahmad A Zainuddin (Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia)* Sabina Zambon (University of Padova, Italy)* Antonis Zampelas (Agricultural University of Athens, Greece)* Hana Zamrazilová (Institute of Endocrinology, Czech Republic)* Tomasz Zdrojewski (Medical University of Gdansk, Poland)* Yi Zeng (Duke University, USA; Peking University, China, USA)* Dong Zhao (Capital Medical University Beijing An Zhen Hospital, China)* Wenhua Zhao (Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China)* Wei Zheng (Vanderbilt University, USA)* Yingfeng Zheng (Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore)* Bekbolat Zholdin (West Kazakhstan State Medical University, Kazakhstan)* Maigeng Zhou (Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China)* Dan Zhu (Inner Mongolia Medical University, China)* Baurzhan Zhussupov (Kazakh National Medical University, Kazakhstan)* Esther Zimmermann (Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, Denmark)* Julio Zuñiga Cisneros (Gorgas Memorial Institute of Public Health, Panama)*