The purpose of the present study was to examine the immediate and prolonged immune response in circulating cytokine and adipocytokine concentrations after two different resistance exercise bouts: hypertrophic (HYP1, 5 × 10, 80% of 1RM) and maximal explosive (POW1, 10 × 5, 60% of 1RM) resistance exercise bouts and how 12 weeks of resistance training (RT) modifies these responses (HYP2, POW2). Eight men completed the study. RE-induced interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), monocyte-chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), leptin, resistin, and adiponectin were measured before (PRE) and immediately (POST0), 24 (POST24) and 48 (POST48) hours after RE bouts before and after RT. In the untrained state, IL-6 increased immediately after RE in HYP1 (p = 0.002) and in POW1 (p = 0.003) whereas no changes were observed after RT. Similar results were observed in IL-1β, whereas conversely, IL-1ra increased only after RT in HYP2 and POW2 (p < 0.05). Resistin increased before RT in HYP1 and in POW1 (p = 0.011 and p = 0.003, respectively), but after RT, significant responses were not observed. Interestingly, in HYP2, MCP-1 increased significantly at POST24 (p = 0.009) and at POST48 (p = 0.032) only following RT. The present study shows that RT modifies RE-induced cytokine responses towards an anti-inflammatory direction.