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The Bhagavadgītā, part of the sixth book of the Hindu epic The Mahābhārata, offers a practical approach to mokṣa, or liberation, and freedom from saṃsāra, or the cycle of death and rebirth. According to the approach, known as karmayoga (‘the yoga of action’), salvation results from attention to duty and the recognition of past acts that inform the present and will direct the future. In the Bhagavadgītā, Kṛṣṇa advocates selfless action as the ideal path to realizing the truth about oneself as well as the ultimate reality. Kṛṣṇa proclaims that humans have rights only to actions and not to their results, whether good or bad (2.47). Therefore, humans should not desire any results whatsoever. The prisoner’s dilemma is a fictional story that shows why individuals who seek only their personal benefit meet worse outcomes than those possible by cooperating with others. The dilemma provides an effective, albeit often overlooked, method for studying the Hindu principle of niṣkāmakarma (‘desireless action’) that is arguably the central teaching of the Bhagavadgītā. In the context of the prisoner’s dilemma, a prisoner who wants to uphold niṣkāmakarma may choose one of two decision-making strategies: to be indifferent and leave the decision to chance or to either pursue the common good or the other person’s benefit instead of his or her own. Assuming that followers of niṣkāmakarma can be goal-oriented, the second strategy is more appropriate than the first, as long as one pursues unselfish goals and remains both indifferent and uncommitted to personal benefit.
Kieli: | fas |
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Julkaisija: | Tihrān : Muʻāvanat-i Bihdāsht-i Imdād va Darmān-i Farmāndahī-i Intiẓāmī J.A.A [2012]- |
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Kieli: | fas |
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Julkaisija: | Tihrān : Muʻāvanat-i Bihdāsht-i Imdād va Darmān-i Farmāndahī-i Intiẓāmī J.A.A [2012]- |
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Kieli: | eng |
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Julkaisija: | Heidelberg, Germany : Springer-Verlag, GmbH [2013]-[2017] [London, United Kingdom] : |
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2194-7899 |
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Prisoners are a group of people with many health and social problems. However, in prisons the use of the Internet is controlled. Thus, prisoners’ access to digital health care and social welfare services is limited. In addition, there are many cognitive and attitudinal barriers to the use of digital health care and social welfare services for prisoners. Cross-sectional survey data (N = 225) were collected from eleven prisons in different parts of Finland and analysed using linear regression analysis. The results are consistent with Ajzen´s theory and previous studies on the acceptance of information systems in health care. Prisoners´ behavioural intentions related to the use of digital health care and social welfare services are influenced by their perceptions of their capacity to use digital services, the expectations of their close people and their attitudes, as well as by trust in the Internet and services. In contrast, the age of prisoners´ indirectly affects their willingness to use digital services. The study recommends that prisoners are supported in the use of digital health care and social welfare services by prison staff and other people. Digital skills training is also needed in order to support digital inclusion, especially for older and long-term prisoners.
Cooperators benefit others with paying costs. Evolution of cooperation crucially depends on the cost-benefit ratio of cooperation, denoted as c. In thiswork, we investigate the infinitely repeated prisoner's dilemma for various values of c with four of the representative memory-one strategies, i.e., unconditional cooperation, unconditional defection, tit-for-tat, and win-stay-lose-shift. We consider replicator dynamics which deterministically describes how the fraction of each strategy evolves over time in an infinite-sized well-mixed population in the presence of implementation error and mutation among the four strategies. Our finding is that this three-dimensional continuous-time dynamics exhibits chaos through a bifurcation sequence similar to that of a logistic map as c varies. If mutation occurs with rate mu
Tämän pro gradu -tutkielman tehtävänä on selvittää, miten väkivaltarikoksista tuomitut naisvangit kertovat väkivallan tekijyytensä ja uhriutensa kietoutuvan yhteen. Lisäksi tutkimuksen kohteena on selvittää, miten naiset yhteenkietoutumista selontekoja tehdessään rakentavat itselleen toimijuutta, eli toiminnan mahdollisuuksia ja rajoja. Tutkimusote on laadullinen ja aineisto koostuu seitsemän naisvangin kanssa tehdyistä teemahaastatteluista. Haastattelumateriaali on eritelty sacksilaista jäsenkategoria-analyysiä soveltaen. Tutkimuksen viitekehys on sosiaalinen konstruktionismi, jonka sisällä työ paikantuu sukupuolistuneen väkivallan tutkimukseen. Tutkielman perusteella naisvangit selvittävät väkivallan käyttämisensä ja uhriutensa kietoutuvan yhteen parisuhteissa, joissa he ovat kokonaisvaltaisen kontrolloinnin ja siihen liittyvän jatkuvan pahoinpitelyn kohteena. Suurin osa tutkimuksen naisista selitti ajautuneensa väkivaltaisiin parisuhteisiin lapsuudesta tai nuoruudesta asti alkaneiden kaltoinkohtelun kokemustensa vuoksi. Väkivallan kohteena eläminen sai naiset oireilemaan päihteidenkäytöllä ja heidän omalla aloitteellisella väkivallallaan, joka tapahtui humalassa. Naiset luonnehtivat purkaneensa tällöin patoutuneita pahanolon tunteitaan lähinnä pahoinpitelevään puolisoonsa. Toinen uhriuden ja tekijyyden yhteenkietoutumatyyli selvitti rankan parisuhdeväkivallan uhrin päätyneen itsepuolustustilanteessa tahattomasti surmaamaan puolisonsa. Täten oma väkivallan käyttäminen perustui uhrihistorian tuottamaan puolustautumisreaktioon. Toisaalta naiset puhuivat reaktiivisen väkivallan yhteenkietoutuman selonteoissaan myös vihan tunteiden purkautumisesta. Erona oireellisuusyhteenkietoutumaan oli, että väkivaltaisesta suhteesta ei päästy eroon ennen surmatilanteen eskaloitumista. Kolmantena yhteenkietoutumatyylinä oli seurauksellinen väkivalta, jossa naiset puolustautuivat vahvasti väkivallan uhriutumisella uhkaavissa parisuhteen ulkopuolisissa tilanteissa. Seurauksellisuudesta puhuneet naiset selvittivät kokeneensa niin rankkaa uhriutta menneissä parisuhteissaan, että he mieluummin tarttuivat itse väkivaltaan kuin joutuivat uudelleen uhreiksi. Naiset olivat jättäneet väkivaltaiset parisuhteet taakseen, mutta olivat saaneet vankeustuomion aggressiivisesta puolustautumisestaan satunnaisissa väkivaltatilanteissa, jotka olivat päättyneet hyökkääjän tarkoituksettomaan surmaamiseen. Johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että tutkielma jatkaa aiemman tutkimuksen keskustelua vankilaan joutuneiden naisten väkivaltaisista taustoista, joiden myötä naiset ovat olleet ensinnä uhreja ja tarttuneet sitten itse väkivaltaan. Naisten selonteoissa heidän toimijuutensa on hyvin vähäistä, sillä he kuvaavat suhteen dynamiikan olleen niin totalitaarista, että väkivallan vastarinnalle ei jäänyt tilaa. Yhteenkietoutumia olisi kuitenkin kuitenkin tärkeää sanoittaa ammattilaisten kanssa uudelleen toimijuutta tukevasti, jotta naisvangit voisivat kulkea väkivallan kertomuksistaan kohti väkivallatonta tulevaisuutta. SUMMARY FROM VICTIM TO DEFENDER OF ONESELF? Categorization analysis of female prisoners' entanglements of using and being the victim of violence and of women's agency The aim of this master's thesis is to examine how female prisoners convicted of violent crimes make accounts of the entanglements of using violence and being a victim of it. This thesis is also aimed to map out what kind of agency the entanglements produce for the imprisonised women when they account with the entaglements their own use of violence. The study is qualitative and the material consists of the interviews made (separately) with seven incarcerated women. The data was analyzed by appling sacksian membership categorization analysis. The epistemology of the study is social constructionist, and within the constructionism the scrutiny is based on the gendered violence paradigm. The study implicates that the female prisoners locate the entanglements of being the victim and using violence in the context of intimate partner violence. The majority of the women explained that they were victimized early on from the abuse on their childhood or youth and that this history of abuse had contributed for their ending up in violent relationships. In the first entanglement account – the symptomatic entanglement – women rationalized their problematic use of intoxicants resulting from being the victim of intimate partner violence. The women accounted that the intoxication led to their own use of violence. The women categorized their use of violence while intoxicated as a way of release their pent-up feelings that the victimization caused. Another style of constructing the entaglements of violence was the extreme self-defense by the victim against the abusive partner that brought on the death of the abuser. The entanglemets style in which I refer as the reactive entanglement included also offloading of the victim's feelings. The reactive entanglement style differed from the previously mentioned symptomatic entanglement in the way the relationship ended – it could only be finished by the tragic incident. The third entanglement style is the 'consequencel entanglement' style in which women situated their violent self-defense outside the context of relationship. The women illustrated that the violence they had experienced in their past relationships was so devastating that they rather use violence of their own than be revictimized. The women had lived down the violent relationships, but were imprisonized after defending the revictimization in the way that non-intentionally caused the death of the perpetrator. It may be concluded that this thesis is in line with the earlier studies on female prisones' violent experiences that usually began from their abusive childhood experiences. Thus women imply that they have been and are first and foremost victims. Women's agency was constructed minimal in their accounts. Even so, it would be important that the women could rewrite the words of their violent life stories with the help of proffessionals so that the women's agancy could be highlighted so that the women could move on towards the violent-free future.
------------ Fångars sexualitet är ett av de fenomen inom rättsväsendet som det finns minst kunskap om och forskning behövs för att förbättra den sexuella hälsan bland fångar och minimera risken för sexuellt våld i fängelser. Denna studie var en del av ett större projekt om fångars sexualitet. Denna studie granskade sexuella beteenden och sexuell lust bland fångar i ett finskt fängelse. Därutöver jämförs resultaten med ett populationsbaserat data för att undersöka eventuella skillnader mellan populationerna. Fängelsesamplet bestod av 181 fångar, 151 män och 30 kvinnor, som avtjänade ett straff vid Åbo fängelse 2019. Det populationsbaserade samplet bestod av 724 ålders- och könsmatchade deltagare. Data samlades in genom frågeformulär. Information om fångarnas sexuella lust erhölls med hjälp av en nerskalad version av Sexual Desire Inventory (SDI; Spector, Carey & Steinberg, 1996). Den verkliga och önskade frekvensen av sexuella beteenden mättes med hjälp av en modifierad version av Derogatis Sexual Functioning Inventory (Derogatis & Melisaratos, 1979), som är konstruerad av Santtila m.fl (DASA,2007). Därtill konstruerades tillsammans med fängelsepsykologen frågor om sexuella erfarenheter i fängelset. Medelvärdesanalyser, korrelationsanalyser samt multipla linjära regressionsanalyser utfördes för att undersöka data. Resultaten visade en signifikant skillnad i sexuell lust mellan fängelsepopulationen och den allmänna populationen. Fångarna rapporterade lägre nivåer av sexuell lust än den allmänna populationen. Resultaten visade även att fångarna är mindre sexuellt aktiva och uppvisar större diskrepans mellan önskade och verkliga frekvenser på många av de sexrelaterade beteendena. Resultaten tydde på att de oövervakade familjeträffarna var starkt associerade med många av de sexrelaterade beteendena, vilket indikerar att det är viktiga för fångarna för att förverkliga vissa sexuella beteenden. Sexuell lust var en signifikant prediktor för masturbation i fängelset, men det fanns ingen signifikant skillnad i de verkliga frekvenserna för masturbation mellan de två populationerna. Studien visade att sexuellt våld förekommer i fängelset men är mindre prevalent än vad tidigare forskning från andra länder tyder på. Den aktuella studien bidrar med ny och värdefull information om sexualiteten bland finska fångar och inspirerar till vidare forskning i ämnet.
Opinnäytetyössä tutkittiin digitaalisten taitojen roolia vankien voimaannuttamisessa heidän vankilatuomionsa jälkeen. Työn tarkoitus on palvella työelämäkumppanina toimineen Valoa digiperustaitoihin Satakunnassa -hankkeen tavoitteita lisätä ja kehittää kohderyhmän digitaitoja matalalla kynnyksellä. Opinnäytetyö keskittyi arvioimaan suomalaisten vankien digitaalisia taitoja koskevia tietoja ja ymmärrystä sekä selvittämään työllistymismahdollisuuksia, yhteiskuntaan integroitumista ja digitaalisten taitojen etuja vankilan jälkeen. Tulokset osoittivat, että Suomessa tällä hetkellä alkuvaiheessa olevat innovatiiviset 'älyvankilat' tarjoavat vangeille digitaalista koulutusta kolmella alueella. Näitä ovat tekoäly, virtuaalitodellisuus ja tiedonhallinta. Näiden lisäksi opetetaan lisää digitaalisia perustaitoja, kuten verkkoselausta, videopuheluiden käyttämistä ja toimistotyökaluja. Vangeille annettavan digitaalisen koulutuksen odotetaan auttavan heitä merkittävästi integroitumaan uudelleen yhteiskuntaan vankilan jälkeisessä elämässä.
Opinnäytetyössäni olen laatinut toiminnan ja yhteistyön kehittämissuunnitelman, jonka osapuolina toimivat Kukunori ry:n Kulttuurikongi-hanke, Kris Tampere ja nimeltä mainitsematon vankila Suomessa. Esittelen kulttuuripajamallin mukaisen toiminnallisen vertaistuen tehokkaana menetelmänä lisätä vankien ja rikostaustaisten henkilöiden osallisuutta ja hyvinvointia. Lopulta nostan esille kolmannen ja julkisen sektorin yhteistyön kannattavuuden vankien ja rikostaustaisten henkilöiden kuntoutuksessa.
This study deals with the illegal immigration of Finns to Soviet Karelia in the early 1930s during the economic recession in Finland's post-Civil War 1918 atmosphere. The study examines the reasons for migration, the stages before and after crossing the geopolitical border, and the impact of Stalin's regime's persecution on the migrants' lives through the microhistorical life events of one particular migrant. Karl Aho crossed the Finland–Soviet border illegally in November 1931 following his family, granted political asylum in the Soviet Union. Aho's stages and interactions with the socio-cultural surroundings along his journey are studied through the concept of physical and metaphorical borders. As part of the National Archives' Finns in Russia 1917–1964 Research Project, this explanatory oral history study examines Aho's memoirs in detail. It reflects the interview remembrance to archival sources and previous research in an anthropological key. This study helps readers identify themselves with the experiences of a particular person and individuals involved in his life in a microhistorical context, thus helping to understand and remember the past on a larger scale. Having mobile memberships in different social groups with their cultural distinctions across group divisions in the Soviet Union, Karl Aho had to readjust and adapt safe cultural combinations to live in social surroundings of different periods. Being a political Gulag prisoner, Karl managed to find some metaphorical shapable contact areas to mitigate the effects of repressions through formal and informal socio-cultural interaction.
Abstract In Finland as well as elsewhere, prisoners are a marginal and commonly deprived group of people. Most of them are young or middle-aged males even though the mean age is increasing. Prisoners’ social status and educational background are inferior to the rest of the population. They have many health-related problems. The general health and oral health of prisoners has been previously investigated in other countries, but in Finland information on their oral health is so far scarce. The aim of this study was to obtain information on aspects of the oral health and associated factors of Finnish prisoners. The study focused on oral health, health- and oral health-related behaviours, dental fear, as well as general health issues. One hundred prisoners (89 male and 11 female) took part in the study between September 2014 and February 2015 in Pelso prison, Finland. A clinical examination including dental caries and erosive tooth wear, periodontal disease, and evaluating and diagnosing temporomandibular disorders was carried out on all participants (n=100). Half of them (46 males and 4 females) were interviewed using questionnaires and Motivational Interviewing Technique. With interviewing, prisoners’ socio-demographic background factors and information on substance abuse as well as other health- and oral health-related behaviours were obtained. Data on medications was acquired from the prisoners’ patient records. Dental fear and other general fears were surveyed with validated questionnaires. Substance abuse was common. Almost everyone smoked, and one in every five had used snuff. Pre-prison drug and alcohol use was widespread; drug use was even more prevalent than alcohol use. Almost everyone was taking some prescribed medicine, the most common being antipsychotics, painkillers and sleeping pills. Over half (56%) of the prisoners had hepatitis C. The oral health status of Finnish prisoners was poor. Almost everyone (81%) had a need for restorative treatment. Signs of periodontal disease were common, with severe periodontal problems found in 7% in the study population. Most required at least preventive treatment due to erosive tooth wear. Temporomandibular disorders, both clinically diagnosed and self-reported, were common. Alcohol use was associated with missed teeth (M). Dental fear was common. Few prisoners went regularly to a dentist. Most of them sought dental care when they had pain or other problems. Oral health among prisoners is poor and constitutes a risk for general health.