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Prime Minister Juha Sipilä's Government set customer orientation of services as one of the strategic objectives of the Governmental Programme. To achieve this goal, Sipilä’s government decided to launch a basic income experiment during its term. By experimenting with basic income, Sipilä’s government tried to find out whether the introduction of a basic income could make the social security system in Finland more inclusive and further increase the labour supply. The Ministry of Social Affairs and Health and Kela - The Social Insurance Institution of Finland have agreed on the assessment of the basic income experiment. The assessment of the basic income experiment is carried out by Kela, together with the VATT Institute for Economic Research, the University of Turku, the University of Helsinki, the Labour Institute for Economic Research, the Finnish Association for Mental Health and Tänk. The scientific director of the research project is Programme Director (SRC) Olli Kangas, from the University of Turku, and the administrative director is Research Professor Jaana Martikainen, from Kela. The Basic Income Experiment Evaluation Project studies the effects of basic income, utilizing both registry, survey and interview data. The research results of the subprojects will be reported in stages during the evaluation research project running from 2019 to 2020. This report is the first research publication presenting the effects of the basic income experiment in Finland. It includes a preliminary register-based statistical analysis of the employment effects of the experiment for 2017. An analysis based on survey data examines the impact of the experiment on the wellbeing of the basic income recipients.
This article contributes to the ongoing debate on the forms and characteristics of social investment policies and their potential trade-off with social security schemes by assessing developments of welfare spending profiles in 23 European welfare states in the 2000s. I argue that if a social investment turn has indeed occurred, it is not necessarily at the cost of the ‘old’ compensatory policies. Instead, social investment policies and their relation to compensating welfare policies alter with regard to policies targeted at different life-stages and to the type of welfare regime. Therefore, the results attest to a path-dependent trend within the welfare regimes, the Nordic countries remaining clear forerunners in terms of both level and dynamics of social investment policies. European social investment strategies manifest mainly in policies targeting childhood and youth, while a trade-off between social investment and compensating policies is evident in working-age policies to some degree.
This research examines social insurance activities in Phu Xuyen district, Hanoi city. Specifically, it explores the actual situation of collection of social insurance contributions in the district through the activities of the district’s insurance agency: managing the participants, managing contribution rates, plans for collection of social insurance, management of social insurance contribution collection, management of social insurance contribution methods, checking and evaluating the collection organization. A qualitative research method was applied to this research by using a documentary analysis based on the local social insurance reports. The findings from the research indicate that the causes of the arrears and evasion of social insurance contributions are due to the perception of social insurance participants, socioeconomic conditions, lack of social security law and the new sanctioning mechanism, which only stops administrative sanctions and is unable to quarantee the efficiency. In order to improve the effectiveness of social insurance contribution collection in the district, the social insurance of Phu Xuyen district must closely follow employers, grasp the fluctuation of the labor force, salary and wages of the laborers, guide and mobilize to supervise and inspect the implementation of social insurance participation by employers and laborers. At the same time, they should advise on proposals for the most feasible measures for the Party Committee, the local authorities and the City's social insurance leaders, in order to promptly direct the establishments to well implement the social insurance policy. One important aspect is the strengthening of the coordination between the social insurance agency and functional agencies and social organizations. The Social Insurance Agency has the best measures to promote the propaganda and advocacy for units and workers participating in social insurance. They should promote the application of information technology in the management of collection and payment of regimes and management of people participating in social insurance through social insurance cards to quickly solve the regimes and policies for laborers. This research has contributed to the improvement of the management of collecting social insurance contributions in the locality and the continued reform of the social insurance policy framework in Vietnam to suit the social development.
Welfare States’ settings and social policies’ design are linked to people’s welfare attitudes: their ideas on distributive justice, often translated in survey studies across different dimensions of deservingness perceptions. Scores across deservingness perceptions’ dimensions are expected to tell how respondents believe social policies should be implemented: which social groups should be targeted, and on what grounds. Research across European countries has traced relevant connections between different individual and institutional factors and people’s deservingness perceptions, and hint at how these are linked to support for different social policy designs. These suggested significant impacts in both forthcoming social policy reforms and present social policy outcomes – for their implementation is often operated by street-level bureaucrats, who can channel their own perceptions through the policy's instruments, effectively shaping its delivery. Street-level bureaucrats’ deservingness perceptions were still not quantitatively studied in the South American countries, whose welfare States carry very distinct characteristics. Drawing on the existing European research's survey designs and latest qualitative findings on the topic, we apply an adapted and updated survey to a sample of Brazilian social security street-level officials and relate it to available administrative data. Ordered regression analysis gauge how social work academic background, direct contact with the public and socioeconomic status are linked to shifts in the officials’ perceptions about social assistance beneficiaries under seven different deservingness criteria. We found that social work academic background strongly contributes to the odds of higher overall deservingness perceptions, while frequent contact with the public can reduce them under the control deservingness criterion. Middle-class socioeconomic status, both objectively our subjectively measured, can be connected to increased odds that beneficiaries are seen as undeserving under the criteria of control and reciprocity. The research takes a new step on the deservingness perceptions survey studies’ trail and opens up avenues for the formulation of new analytical frameworks. For practitioners, it raises the awareness of the importance of understanding the factors driving bureaucracy decision-making, being it in the street, screen, or system-level.
Tutkielman aiheena on sosiaaliturvan ehtojen muutos, jossa hyvinvointivastuuta jaetaan uudelleen. Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan rinnakkain uusliberaalia tulkintaa sosiaaliturvasta ja medikalisoituneita eli lääketieteellistyneitä sosiaalisten ongelmien ratkaisutapoja. Aihe muodostui henkilökohtaisten sosiaalityössä kertyneiden kokemusten pohjalta. Aiheesta löytyy niukasti aiempaa tutkimusta. Tutkielma on laadullinen tutkimus, jonka metodina käytetään abduktiivista päättelyä. Tutkielman läpäisee johtoajatus "sairaus toimeentulon strategiana". Aineistoksi valikoitui kymmenen työkyvyttömyyseläkettä toivovan naisen vastaukset vuonna 2006 järjestetystä Arkipäivän kokemuksia köyhyydestä -kirjoituskilpailusta ja vuonna 2012 kerätyistä seurantateksteistä. Tutkielman tavoitteena on vastata kahteen tutkimuskysymykseen: Ensinnäkin siihen, millaisista köyhien naisten ja sosiaaliturvan välisistä tunnustussuhteista aineisto kertoo ja toiseksi siihen, miten medikalisaatio ilmenee löydetyissä tunnustussuhteissa. Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että sosiaaliturvan hakeminen ja vastaanottaminen edellyttävät omaa elämää koskevan tiedon normalisointia: identiteettityön avulla naiset vertaavat itseään aktiivisen toiminnan ja sairastamisen normaaleihin. Sosiaaliturvan käytännöissä tunnustussuhde edellyttää ennalta määriteltyjen ehtojen täyttymistä sekä tiedon keräämisen ja ammatillisen arvioinnin kohteeksi asettumista. Tunnustussuhde on medikalisoitunut, kun suhteen turvaamiseksi identiteettiin on liitetty sairaus ja/tai hyödynnetty lääketieteellistä toimivaltaa. Itsereflektion kautta naisilla on kuitenkin tilaisuus vaatia sosiaalisiin oikeuksiin perustuvaa tunnustamista eli täyttä jäsenyyttä yhteiskunnassa. Tulosten mukaan medikalisoiva sosiaaliturva ei juurikaan lieventänyt naisten kokemaa köyhyyttä. Johtopäätöksenä on, että toimeentuloturvaa tulisi nostaa kohtuulliselle tasolle ja sen tulisi olla ammatillisesta arvioinnista riippumatonta. Sosiaaliturvan kanssa rinnakkain tulisi kehittää esimerkiksi työntekoon ja pääomiin liittyviä markkinoita kansallisella ja kansainvälisellä tasolla, sosiaalisen oikeudenmukaisuuden periaatteella. ABSTRACT ”some weren't even allowed at the card table” – A critical look at social security in Finland This thesis discusses a change in the terms of social security, in which welfare liability is redistribu - ted. In it, neoliberal interpretations on social security and medicalized solutions to social problems are examined side by side. This topic was chosen because of the author's personal experiences on social work. There is little previous study on the topic. This is a qualitative study using abductive reasoning as method. The theme is "illness as means of livelihood". The data used is the entries by ten women hoping to qualify for disability pension in a 2006 writing competition regarding everyday poverty, or their follow-up in 2012. The study aims to answer two research questions. First question is what kind of recognition relations can be found between these women and social security in the data and second question is how medicalization manifests itself in these relations. The results show that claiming for and receiving social security demand a normalization of the information concerning one's own life: using identity work the women compare themselves to the norms of active action and illness. In the practice of social security the recognition relations require fulfilling fixed terms and agreeing to professional evaluation and collecting information. The recognition relation is medicalized when ensuring it calls for adding an illness to one's identity and/or utilising medical authority. However, through self-reflection the women are able to demand recognition because of their social rights, or a full membership in society. Based on results medicalized social security hardly eased the poverty experienced by women. The conclusion is that income security should be raised to a reasonable level and it should be independent of professional assessment. In parallel with social security, for example, work related and capital markets should be developed at national and international level, according to the principle of social justice.
The probability of social assistance exit decreasing over time is called negative duration dependence. This study analyses duration dependence among young adults in Finland and aims to show how social assistance receipt per se affects the likelihood of exiting social assistance. It also examines whether parental recipiency is associated with duration dependence. This study uses full monthly history of social assistance receipt between ages 19 and 29. The analyses are based on Finnish register data and conducted using discrete-time event-history models. The findings indicate that controlling for all time-invariant characteristics significantly reduces but does not completely remove duration dependence among young adults. They also show that those whose parents received social assistance are less likely to exit social assistance. In models controlling for all time-invariant characteristics, parental social assistance receipt is also linked with stronger duration dependence.
Pro gradu -tutkielmani tavoitteena on selvittää, miten uusliberalistiset ja sosiaalityön arvot sekä periaatteet näkyivät sosiaaliturvauudistuksen retoriikassa vuosina 2008-2010. Sosiaaliturvan uudistaminen käynnistyi vuonna 2007 Matti Vanhasen II hallituksen asettaessa sosiaaliturvan uudistamisen hallituksen tavoitteeksi. Sosiaaliturvan uudistamisehdotuksen laatimista varten koottiin työryhmä, niin sanottu Sata-komitea. Aineistona tutkielmassa on Sata-komitean mietintö Sosiaaliturvan uudistamiskomitean (SATA) esitys sosiaaliturvan kokonaisuudistuksen keskeisistä linjauksista ja sosiaaliturvauudistusta käsittelevät artikkelit Sosiaalitieto ja Talentia -lehdistä vuosilta 2008-2010. Teoreettisena viitekehyksenä tutkielmassa on uusliberalismin sekä sosiaalityön arvot ja periaatteet. Esioletuksena on, että sosiaalityön arvot ja periaatteet ovat ainakin osittain ristiriidassa uusliberalististen arvojen ja periaatteiden kanssa ja tuottavat siten erilaista argumentointia sosiaaliturvan uudistamisesta. Tutkielma on retorinen analyysi ja käytän analyysissa apuna Cháim Perelmanin argumentaatioteoriaa. Tutkielmassa keskitytään tällöin sosiaaliturvasta käytyyn argumentointiin, ja siihen oliko argumentoinnissa uusliberalismin tai sosiaalityön arvoihin ja periaatteisiin pohjautuvia argumentteja. Lisäksi argumentoinnin rakentuminen on tutkimuskohteena. Retorisessa analyysissa Sata-komitean mietinnöstä löytyi kolme pääargumenttia, joilla sosiaaliturvauudistuksia perusteltiin. Kyseiset argumentit ovat: 1. Sosiaaliturvan tulee olla köyhyyttä ja eriarvoisuutta vähentävää 2. Sosiaaliturvan tulee olla aktivoivaa ja tehokasta 3. Nykyisen sosiaaliturvan rakenteelliset ongelmat ja rahoituspohjan haasteet ovat merkittäviä. Sosiaalitieto ja Talentia -lehdistä löytyi myös kolme pääargumenttia, joilla sosiaaliturvan uudistamisesta keskusteltiin: 1. Sosiaaliturvan uudistamisehdotus on riittävän hyvä 2. Sosiaalityön arvot ja periaatteet eivät tule kuulluiksi uudistuksissa 3. Asiakkaan kohtaaminen ja sosiaalityö ovat tärkeitä toimeentulotukea myönnettäessä. Sosiaalityöntekijät osallistuivat sosiaaliturvan uudistamisesta käytyyn keskusteluun sosiaalialan ammattilehdissä laimeasti. Sosiaalialan ammattilehdissä keskusteluun osallistuneiden argumentointi pohjautui kuitenkin pääsääntöisesti sosiaalityön arvoihin ja periaatteisiin. Sata-komitean mietinnön argumentointi pohjautui köyhyydestä ja eriarvoisuudesta kirjoitettaessa osittain samoihin arvoihin ja periaatteisiin kuin sosiaalityössä. Mietinnön argumentoinnissa oli kuitenkin myös uusliberalistisia piirteitä. Tällöin sosiaaliturvaan haluttiin tehokkuutta, ihmisten aktivointi ja sen haluttiin olevan rakenteelta selkeä ja rahoituspohjaltaan kansantaloudellisesti kestävän. ________________________________________________________________________________ The Rhetoric of a Social Security Reform. The Arguments of the SATA Committee and the Sosiaalitieto and Talentia journals on the Finnish social security reform, 2008–2010 Abstract: The purpose of this Master's thesis was to determine how neo-liberal and social work values and principles manifested in the rhetoric of the Finnish social security reform in 2008-2010. The social security reform was launched in 2007, as Matti Vanhanen's II Government set the reform of social security as one of the Government's objectives. A working group, the so-called SATA Committee, was set up for preparing a proposal for the reform. The research material consisted of the Committee's report, Proposal of the Committee for reforming social protection (SATA Committee) for the main policy lines in the total reform of social protection, as well as articles concerned with reform published in the Sosiaalitieto and Talentia journals between 2008 and 2010. The theoretical framework of this study consists of the values and principles of neo-liberalism and social work. The presumption was that there would be at least partial conflict between the values and principles of social work and those of neo-liberalism, and this would thus produce varying argumentation in the context of the reform of social security. This study is a rhetorical analysis. Cháim Perelman's theory of argumentation was utilised in the analysis. The focus of the thesis was thus on the argumentation used in relation to social security and whether the argumentation contained arguments based on the values and principles of neo-liberalism or social work. The construction of argumentation was a further research focus. The rhetorical analysis of the report of the SATA Committee revealed three main arguments used to promote the reform. These were as follows: 1. Social security must reduce poverty and inequality 2. Social security must be effective and support activity 3. The current social security has significant structural problems and challenges related to its the financial basis. Three main arguments were also found in the Sosiaalitieto and Talentia journals in relation to the discussion on the reform: 1.The proposal for the reform of social security is sufficiently good 2. The values and principles of social work are not heard in the reforms 3. Customer encounters and social work are important in granting social assistance. In the journals, the participation of social workers in the discussion on the reform was low. Nevertheless, the argumentation of those involved in the discussions in the journals was primarily founded on the values and principles of social work. When concerned with poverty and inequality, the argumentation of the report by the SATA Committee was partly based on the same values and principles as social work. However, the argumentation in the report also contained neo-liberal characteristics; there were calls for social security to be effective and activate people, and its structures were expected to be clear and its financial basis economically sustainable.
Digitalization transforms our societies in a profound way. Public administrations and social security institutions are at different stages in this process. Digitalization poses technological, legal, and organizational challenges. Finland has typically been a frontrunner in the adaptation of ICT. This case study critically assesses the current state-of-the-art in the field of digitalization in Finnish social security. The text singles out the projects that are on-going and those that are planned for the immediate future. The article shows that Finnish social security institutions have integrated digital processes into their operations, but legal and ethical challenges exist, especially in the use of artificial intelligence and automatic decision-making in social security
This publication includes the 17–68-year-olds covered by Finnish earnings-related pension acts. It presents information on those insured for an earnings-related pension, those who are retired and on the earnings of wage earners who have accrued pension. Social benefits that affect the amount of the earnings-related pension are also included.