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Artikkelissa käsitellään 1950–70-lukujen kaupunkisuunnittelun erilaisia luontokäsityksiä erityisesti maisema-arkkitehtuurin näkökulmasta. Tarkastelemme puutarhakaupunkia, metsäkaupunkia ja kompaktikaupunkia ja kysymme, mitä merkityksiä kaupunkisuunnittelijat ja maisema-arkkitehdit antoivat luonnolle ja miten hyvää asuinympäristöä ja sen ihanteellista luontoa tuotettiin? Miten suhde luontoon muuttui siirryttäessä puutarhakaupungista metsäkaupunkiin ja edelleen kompaktiin kaupunkiin?
The dynamic between change and continuity represents the fundamental tension within the urban planning of historically valuable, protected environments. This study examines a less well-known area of cultural heritage: a historical urban park and the problematics of preservation and renewal. The case study of this research analyses the planning discourse of Kaisaniemi Park, one of the oldest city parks in Finland, situated in the centre of Helsinki. Divergent planning and renewal projects have been an almost constant part of Kaisaniemi Park’s nearly 200 years of history. This article focuses on the three central planning phases of the park: the renewal discourse of the 1910s; the design competition of 2000; and the master plan of 2007, connected to the local detailed plan. Opposing ideals and styles collided in the park renewal process of the 1910s. The architectural competition in 2000 aimed at redefining the identity of the park and replacing the historical structure with new meanings and contents. The master plan of 2007 sought a new balance between continuity and transition. With the case study of Kaisaniemi, we explore how the renewal and preservation intentions appear in the planning discourse. What were the arguments and who were the actors behind this discourse? We link our case study to a wider framework of the preservation of urban parks and examine how continuity materializes in this context. We also consider how to preserve cultural heritage, its essential dimension being change, and the contradictory interpretations of different eras.
The article examines Finnish forest suburbs in the 1940s–1960s. We highlight the role of landscape architecture–a dimension that has received limited attention. Suburban landscapes have largely remained as an invisible background of modern architecture without design history of their own. Our article focuses on forest landscapes and discusses how they were conceptualized and implemented by urban and landscape planners. With the case studies of Tapiola and Vuosaari, we demonstrate that forests were not neutral and ‘natural’, but culturally constructed and carefully designed. We look at the construction of nature in landscape architecture and show how suburban forests were amenitized by recreation facilities and embedded with moral and restorative aspirations. In both cases, nature was the starting point; however, the design approaches evince clear differences. In Tapiola, the aim was the aestheticization of the forest–enhancing nature with design interventions–whereas in Vuosaari, the focus was on the natural state. Forests were regarded as a specifically Finnish landscape, which rooted rural migrants to their new home. The national dimension was also manifested by using native biotopes and tree species. Finnishness was consciously constructed, and modern living in the forest became the national and international icon of urban planning.
Nature in urban planning is a constantly fluctuating concept, which is manifested in attempts by designers to define a good living environment and its green spaces. The transition from the Finnish forest town to the compact city between the 1950s and 1970s represents a paradigm shift which epitomizes a change in the notion of nature. Although the concept of both the forest town and compact city pursued wellbeing and quality, the ideas about appropriate methods for urban planning varied substantially. The forest town of the 1950s fostered the idea of preserving the landscape in its natural state, and landscape design introduced the aesthetic and social values of nature to urban structures. In the compact city phase in the late 1960s, the constructed urban green and networks of social contacts in efficient grid plans replaced the natural environment. The site-sensitive approach of the forest town was replaced by quantitative instructions on green spaces and requirements for playgrounds.In Finland, post-war residential planning has been mainly studied from the perspective of urban planning and architecture. However, less attention has been paid to how forest towns and compact cities relate to nature and landscape design, or to the contributions of the landscape architects who worked alongside the architects. Nevertheless, nature and green spaces are an integral part of these urban ideals. Our article explores landscapes in forest towns and compact cities, and examines meanings and their societal contexts assigned to nature by urban planners and landscape architects. How was the welfare state and its urban planning ideals conceptualized and materialized in landscape design? Using two case studies in Helsinki – Keski-Vuosaari forest town and Itä-Pasila compact city – we examine these two urban ideals that appear contradictory in numerous ways. We aim to diversify the understanding of these concepts and elucidate the interpretations, in both eras, of nature as a source of wellbeing. We demonstrate that the representations of nature in sparse and dense cities are not contradictory and mutually exclusive, but complementary. We also discuss how the transition from forest town to compact city is reflected in today’s urban planning discourse and in the current struggle between sparsely and densely built urban structures.
Suomalaisen yhteiskunnan nykyaikaistuminen muokkasi maisemaa ja loi viime vuosisadalla uudenlaista rakennettua ympäristöä, jonka muotoutumiseen vaikuttivat myös maassa toimineet puutarha-arkkitehdit ja maisemasuunnittelijat. Näiden pioneerien työtä on tutkittu toistaiseksi vähän. Unelma paremmasta maailmasta on ensimmäinen suomalaisen modernin maisema-arkkitehtuurin historiaa kattavasti tarkasteleva teos. Kirja kuvaa, miten moderni ja modernisaatio näkyivät suomalaisessa puutarhataiteessa ja maisema-arkkitehtuurissa viime vuosisadan alkupuolelta aina 1970-luvulle asti. Kirja koostuu kahdestakymmenestä artikkelista, joiden kirjoittajat ovat tutkineet modernia maisemaa, lähihistorian puistoja, pihoja, kaupunkiviheralueita sekä niiden suunnittelijoita. Teosta kuvittavat alkuperäiset suunnitelmat sekä historialliset ja nykyvalokuvat. Mukana on myös aikalaisaineistoa, josta suuri osa on aiemmin julkaisematonta. Alan ensimmäisenä yleisesityksenä kirja avaa näköaloja suomalaiseen maisemaan ja sen suunnitteluun kaikille ympäristöstä kiinnostuneille.