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Abstract Background: Maternal hypothyroidism and hypothyroxinemia are associated with poor neuropsychological development in children. Previous research is lacking on whether maternal thyroid dysfunction affects sensory and linguistic development in childhood. Methods: The Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 included all births within a year (9,362 women, 9,479 children) from the two northernmost Finnish provinces. Maternal serum samples (n = 5,791) were obtained in early pregnancy and analyzed for TSH, free T4, and thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-Abs). Five thousand three hundred and ninety-one parents evaluated their child’s sensory and linguistic development at 7 years old via a questionnaire (excluding children with an intelligence quotient ≤85). The prevalence of sensory and linguistic impairments was compared between mothers with and without thyroid dysfunction. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of sensory or linguistic impairment between children of mothers with and without thyroid dysfunction. Children of hypothyroid and hypothyroxinemic mothers had an increased prevalence of vision impairment compared with those of euthyroid mothers (10.8 and 11.7%, respectively, versus 6.5%), but the difference was not significant. All results remained similar after excluding TPO-Ab-positive mothers and premature children. Conclusion: We did not find an association between maternal thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and sensory and linguistic development impairment in childhood. A somewhat higher prevalence of vision impairment was seen in children of hypothyroid and hypothyroxinemic mothers, which merits further research.
Kehittämishankkeen tehtävänä oli tuottaa tietoa erilaisista oppimisympäristöistä: fyysisestä ja sosiaalisesta oppimisympäristöstä sekä lähi- ja verkkoympäristöistä. Hankkeessa vertailtiin erilaisten taustatekijöiden vaikutuksista oppimisympäristökäsityksiin sekä etsittiin oppimisympäristöä koskevia kehittämiskohteita. Lisäksi hankkeen tavoitteena oli herättää yleistä keskustelua oppimisympäristöjen merkityksistä sekä kehittää opetuksen laatua. Aihetta käsiteltiin aikuiskoulutuksessa olevien lähihoitajaopiskelijoiden näkökulmasta. Tiedonkeruu toteutettiin erään aikuisopiston sosiaali- ja terveysyksikön opiskelijoille suunnatulla kyselyllä (N=84). Kysely koostui määrällisistä ja laadullisista kysymyksistä. Tiedonkeruun laadullinen aineisto analysoitiin sisällönanalyysin keinoin ja määrällinen aineisto analysoitiin tilastollisin menetelmin SPSS-ohjelman avulla Opiskelijat kokivat sosiaalisen oppimisympäristön lähes kauttaaltaan hyväksi sekä kouluttajien että opiskelijatovereiden kesken. Työssä oppiminen nähtiin myös hyvin myönteisenä ja merkittävänä oppimisen kannalta. Fyysisessä oppimisympäristössä kehittämistarpeet painottuivat sisäilmaan, lämpötilaan, kalusteisiin, viihtyvyyteen sekä terveyteen. Lähiopetuksen määrän riittävyys jakoi vastaajat lähes tasavertaisesti puolesta ja vastaan. Verkko-opiskeluun suhtauduttiin yleisesti myönteisesti, mutta työskentelyyn kaivattiin lisää sosiaalista vuorovaikutusta sekä opettajien antamaa palautetta Hankkeesta saatuja tuloksia esitellään kyseisen aikuisopiston sosiaali- ja terveysyksikössä sekä koko oppilaitoksessa sekä kansallisessa konferenssissa. Jatkossa hankkeesta saatua tietoa voidaan hyödyntää vertailtaessa eri alojen, eri-ikäisten opiskelijoiden, kouluttajien ja työelämän edustajien näkemyksiä oppimisympäristöistä.
Abstract Background: Maternal hypothyroidism has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. A large nationwide register-based cohort with data on medication purchases was established to study the associations between maternal hypothyroidism, levothyroxine (LT4) use, and pregnancy and perinatal complications. Methods: The data included all singleton births between 2004 and 2013 (N = 571,785) in Finland. Hypothyroid mothers (n = 16,364) were identified in the Finnish Medical Birth Register. Of these women, 95.8% used LT4 medication, and 37.5% had consistent LT4 use during pregnancy. Hypothyroid mothers were compared to mothers without thyroid disease (N = 550,860) using logistic regression. The main outcome measures were pregnancy and perinatal complications. Results: Maternal hypothyroidism was associated with several pregnancy and perinatal complications, including gestational diabetes mellitus (odds ratio [OR] = 1.19 [confidence interval (CI) 1.13–1.25]), gestational hypertension (OR = 1.20 [CI 1.10–1.30]), severe preeclampsia (OR = 1.38 [CI 1.15–1.65]), cesarean section (OR = 1.22 [CI 1.17–1.27]), preterm births (OR = 1.25 [CI 1.16–1.34]), large-for-gestational age newborns (OR = 1.30 [CI 1.19–1.42]), major congenital anomalies (OR = 1.14 [CI 1.06–1.22]), and neonatal intensive care unit admission (OR = 1.23 [CI 1.17–1.29]). However, among mothers with consistent LT4 purchases, only the associations between gestational diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.12 [CI 1.03–1.22]), cesarean section (OR = 1.13 [CI 1.06–1.21]), neonatal intensive care unit admission (OR = 1.09 [CI 1.01–1.29]), and large-for-gestational age newborns (OR = 1.26 [CI 1.10–1.45]) and maternal hypothyroidism remained. Conclusions: Maternal hypothyroidism is associated with several pregnancy and perinatal complications, but consistent LT4 use may reduce many of the risks.
Mobile genetic elements such as conjugative plasmids are responsible for antibiotic resistance phenotypes in many bacterial pathogens. The ability to conjugate, the presence of antibiotics, and ecological interactions all have a notable role in the persistence of plasmids in bacterial populations. Here, we set out to investigate the contribution of these factors when the conjugation network was disturbed by a plasmid-dependent bacteriophage. Phage alone effectively caused the population to lose plasmids, thus rendering them susceptible to antibiotics. Leakiness of the antibiotic resistance mechanism allowing Black Queen evolution (i.e. a “race to the bottom”) was a more significant factor than the antibiotic concentration (lethal vs sublethal) in determining plasmid prevalence. Interestingly, plasmid loss was also prevented by protozoan predation. These results show that outcomes of attempts to resensitize bacterial communities by disrupting the conjugation network are highly dependent on ecological factors and resistance mechanisms.