Kaikki aineistot
Lisää
For grocery stores, the supply chain of fresh products faces specific challenges due to short shelf lives. Specifically, the ordering of fresh bread products has turned out to be challenging for both manual and automated ordering models, both resulting in lower on-shelf availability than targeted. As such, this study addresses the development of ordering and assortment management of fresh products in grocery retail. The goal of the study is to catalogue the best store practices concerning the ordering of bread products, highlight development areas in the automated store ordering, and evaluate the success of previous nationwide chain assortment decisions. To facilitate that, this study focuses on one large grocery retail company whose stores use both manual ordering and automated store ordering systems. The best store practices for ordering bread products and the development areas of automated store ordering were researched in cooperation with grocery stores. The transactional data of the stores was studied and used to propose improvements to their ordering procedures. The main findings of this cooperation were the importance of the freshness of bread and the optimization of daily delivery and sales quantities. Through optimization, the stores were able to improve their on-shelf availability, decrease food waste levels, and enhance the freshness of available bread. Regarding the efficiency of automated store ordering, proper store level actions of the store personnel proved critical. The most important tasks were ensuring stock data was up-to-date, recording food waste correctly, maintaining reasonable reserve stock levels, and avoiding unnecessary modification of automated order proposals. When these matters were considered, the automated store ordering worked accurately and independently with bread products as well. The assortment management part of the study was done by cluster analysis, where the product set was grouped into profitability clusters. This enabled the identification of nonprofitable products in nationwide chain assortment and the profitability comparison between the chain assortment and the local assortment of individual stores. The analysis showed that the products in the chain assortment were generally more profitable compared to local assortments.
Saul Kripken (1982) Ludwig Wittgensteinin Filosofisten tutkimusten (1953) pohjalta muotoilema kielellisen merkityksen paradoksi on viime vuosikymmenien kuuluisimpia filosofisia ongelmia. Vaikka ”Kripkensteinin” (eli siis Wittgenstein Kripken lukemana) paradoksi on moniulotteinen ja sen tarkka muoto kirjallisuudessa kiistelty, yleisesti sen katsotaan jakautuvan kolmeen keskeiseen alaongelmaan. Nämä tunnetaan nimillä normatiivisuuden, virheen ja äärettömyyden ongelmat. Tässä lyhyessä artikkelissa keskityn viimeisimpään eli (ekstensionaalisen) äärettömyyden ongelmaan. Pääväitteeni on, että useista ratkaisuyrityksistä huolimatta ongelma on edelleen ajankohtainen ja tarjoaa haasteen tietyntyyppiselle semanttiselle realismille.
Timothy Williamson famously argued that assertion is constituted either by the knowledge rule or some similar epistemic rule. If true, the proposal has important implications for criticism of assertions. If assertions are analogical to other rule-constituted kinds like games, we can criticize assertions either on external or internal grounds, depending on whether the criticism draws from the necessary norms of assertion or some contingent ones. More recently, authors like Goldberg and MacFarlane have argued against other theories of assertion on the grounds that they cannot explain the possibility of internal criticism for assertions. This paper raises methodological problems with these arguments. The main idea is to show that alternative, non-normative accounts of assertion can also explain the apparent differences in grounds of criticism without assuming that assertion is necessarily governed by some epistemic norm.
Tässä opinnäytetyössä tutkittiin soveltavasti, kuinka Zendesk asiakaspalvelujärjestelmänä soveltuu Sensire Oy:n nykyisen Help Desk -ympäristön sekä organisaation tueksi. Zendeskin toiminnallisuuksia sekä ominaisuuksia tutkittiin esimerkkien avulla. Toiminnallisuuksia tutkittiin työnkulkuprosessin näkökulmasta ja siten, kuinka näitä voitaisiin kehittää myös ITIL-palvelutuotannon menetelmiä hyödyntäen. Tarkoituksena oli mallintaa esimerkkikaavioiden avulla nykyinen käytössä oleva teknisen tuen työnkulkuprosessi Zendeskissa. Tavoitteena oli selvittää, kuinka prosessia saadaan parannettua Zendeskin toiminnallisuuksia hyödyntäen sekä tuotantopalvelun parhaiden käytänteiden avulla. Tuloksia tuotiin esille esimerkkiprosessikaavioiden kautta soveltamalla Zendeskin toiminnallisuuksia työnkulkuprosessissa. Vastaukset esitettiin prosessimallikaavioiden avulla. Samalla sovellettiin ITIL-palvelutuotannon palvelupisteen käytänteitä työnkulkuprosesissa. Toimeksiantajalle annettiin esimerkki siitä, kuinka kaavioiden avulla ITIL-viitekehystä voidaan soveltaa käytännössä. Työssä selvisi, että Zendesk on skaalautuva ja mukautuva järjestelmä. Järjestelmää on mahdollista hyödyntää organisaation monessa eri toiminnassa, sekä joustavuus takaa työnkulkuprosessien mukauttamisen tulevaisuudessa. Selvisi myös, että ITIL-palvelutuotannon palvelupisteen parhaita käytänteitä hyödyntäen saadaan pienilläkin muutoksilla tehostettua työnkulkua ja tätä kautta tuotetaan arvoa sekä organisaatiolle että asiakkaalle.
Tämä on työ kielen filosofian alaan lukeutuvassa metasemantiikassa. Sen tarkoituksena on auttaa vastaamaan kysymykseen siitä, miten sanat saavat merkityksensä. Työ koostuu kahdesta osasta. Ensimmäisen osan tarkoitus on puolustaa väitettä, että lukuisista yrityksistä huolimatta nk. Kripkensteinin skeptiseen haasteeseen, erityisesti ns. äärellisyyden ongelmaan, ei toistaiseksi ole annettu toimivaa suoraa ratkaisua. Toisen osan tarkoituksena on kriittisesti tarkastella Robert Brandomin filosofiaa, jota tulkintani mukaan voidaan tarkastella vastauksena skeptiseen haasteeseen. Väitän, että vaikka Brandomin nk. normativistinen lähestymistapa tarjoaa periaatteellisen ratkaisun äärellisyyden ongelmaan, kohtaa se joukon muita ongelmia, joiden valossa se on hylättävä. Mikä on Kripkensteinin skeptinen haaste? Nimi 'Kripkenstein' on kirjallisuudessa käytetty lyhennös Saul Kripken Ludwig Wittgensteinin myöhempiä töitä tulkitsevalle pitkälle esseelle, joka julkaistiin 1982. Esseessään Kripke esittää (Wittgensteinin esittävän) merkityskeptisen haasteen, joka vaatii selittämään, miten millään sanalla voi olla määrätty merkitys. Haasteen katsotaan yleisesti koostuvan kolmesta ongelmasta, jotka ovat: (1) äärellisyyden ongelma, (2) virheen ongelma, ja (3) normatiivisuuden ongelma. Martin Kuschia seuraten katson äärellisyyden ongelman olevan näistä keskeisin. Äärellisyyden ongelman voi kuvailla lyhyesti seuraavasti. Kaikki luonnollisen kielen puhujat ovat äärellisiä olentoja: heillä on vain äärelliset taipumukset käyttää kielellisiä symboleja kuten sanoja ja matemaattisia symboleja kuten '+'-merkkiä. Jokaisen aktuaalisen kielenkäyttäjän jokaisen ilmaisun kohdalla voidaan siis kysyä, käyttääkö hän tiettyä merkkiä säännön S<SUB>1</SUB> vai säännön S<SUB>2</SUB> mukaan. Esimerkiksi '+'-merkin yhteydessä voidaan kysyä, käyttääkö hän sitä yhteenlaskun vai 'qyhteenlaskun' säännön mukaan. Qyhteenlasku antaa kahden luvun summaksi saman tuloksen kuin yhteenlasku paitsi tietyn mielivaltaisen raja-arvon ylittäville luvuille, jota hypoteesin mukaan yksikään subjekti ei ole laskenut tai tule koskaan laskemaan. Jokaisen kielenkäyttäjän aktuaalinen matemaattinen toiminta on hypoteesin mukaan empiirisesti yhteensopivaa sekä yhteenlaskun että qyhteenlaskun kanssa. Koska jokaisen subjektin kohdalla tulee vastaan myös tämän matemaattisten taipumusten kohdalla raja, jonka ylittäviä lukuja tämä ei ole laskenut tai tule koskaan aktuaalisesti laskemaan, on skeptikon mukaan epämääräistä, tarkoittaako kukaan aktuaalisesti koskaan '+'-merkillä yhteenlaskua vai qyhteenlaskua. Tulkintani mukaan äärellisyyden ongelmaa ei kirjallisuudessa ole Kripken ja Kuschin työstä huolimatta ole otettu niin vakavasti kuin pitäisi. Tällä taas on merkittäviä seurauksia yleiselle teorialle metasemantiikassa koskien sanojen merkitysten alkuperää ja luonnetta. Erityisesti esitän, että metasemantiikan tulee käsittää merkitykset ajallisesti määräytyneinä. Lisäksi väitän, että Kripken kehittämä kausaalis-historiallinen viittaamisen teoria voi toimia epäsuorana vastauksena skeptiseen haasteeseen, sekä selittää, kuinka ainakin jotkin merkitykset voivat olla ajallisesti määräytyneitä. Brandomin filosofian eräs keskeinen pyrkimys on antaa vastaus äärellisyyden ongelmaan tarjoamalla ratkaisu normatiivisuuden ongelmaan. Väitän kuitenkin, että Brandomin versio kirjallisuudessa yleisesti käytetystä 'merkityksen normatiivisuuden' hypoteesista ei voi toimia siten kuin hän haluaa. Keskeiset ongelmat ovat monisyisiä, mutta lyhyesti ilmaistuna Brandomin haasteena on antaa periaatteellinen vastaus versioon Agrippan trilemmasta, eli kuinka jatkuvien oikeutusten ketju voi päättyä johonkin muuhun kuin (i) jo käytettyihin premisseihin, (ii) primitiiviseen premissiin, tai (iii) äärettömään premissien ketjuun. Tulkintani mukaan Brandomin vastaus trilemmaan ei ole kelvollinen.
In this work I compare select aspects of two philosophical systems of thinking in an effort to disclose unexpected and theoretically fruitful connections, resemblances and ideas. The systems in question belong to the authors Robert Brandom and Jacques Lacan. The tradition I believe them to share could be called semantic structuralism. Roughly speaking this could be defined as the idea that in order to explain the phenomenon of linguistic meaning, our main recourse should be to the structures inherent in language, and not only or in the first place to relations transcending language. The task ahead is built on the three substantial middle chapters. Chapter 1 begins by providing initial motivation for the work's major aims, as well as specifying those aims. In Chapter 2 I lay the groundwork for the comparison between Brandom and Lacan, which involves explicating two fundamental approaches possible for semantic theory. In Chapter 3 I expound on Brandom's side of the matter, especially on his inferentialist theory of meaning, which could be rightly called structuralist in orientation. In Chapter 4 I switch over to Lacan, arguing first how his general views on language share decisive similarities with Brandom s, second what those similarities in closer inspection consists of. Lastly, Chapter 5 offers conclusions and possible routes for further study on the subject.
The main question of metasemantics, or foundational semantics, is why an expression token has the meaning (semantic value) that it in fact has. In his reading of Ludwig Wittgenstein’s later work, Saul Kripke presented a skeptical challenge that threatened to make the foundational question unanswerable. My first contention in this paper is that the skeptical challenge indeed poses an insoluble paradox, but only for a certain kind of metasemantic theory, against which the challenge effectively works as a reductio ad absurdum argument. My second contention is that as a result of rejecting the theory which entails a paradoxical outcome, we will see that the foundational question essentially involves a temporal dimension. After arguing that the skeptical challenge gives us a strong reason to adopt a historical view of meaning, I shall further argue against certain authors who claim that meanings not only have histories but futures as well, or that the meaning of a word may change retroactively in time as a consequence of counterfactual change in its future use. The major aim of the paper is thus to bring together the arguably interrelated debates about the skeptical challenge and temporal externalism in philosophy of language.
We propose an approach for the planning of longitudinal covariate measurements in follow-up studies where covariates are time-varying. We assume that the entire cohort cannot be selected for longitudinal measurements due to financial limitations, and study how a subset of the cohort should be selected optimally, in order to obtain precise estimates of covariate effects in a survival model. In our approach, the study will be designed sequentially utilizing the data collected in previous measurements of the individuals as prior information. We propose using a Bayesian optimality criterion in the subcohort selections, which is compared with simple random sampling using simulated and real follow-up data. Our work improves the computational approach compared to the previous research on the topic so that designs with several covariates and measurement points can be implemented. As an example we derive the optimal design for studying the effect of body mass index and smoking on all-cause mortality in a Finnish longitudinal study. Our results support the conclusion that the precision of the estimates can be clearly improved by optimal design.
Työn tavoitteena oli luoda käsitys digitalisaation viimeisimpien kehityssuuntien vaikutuksista toimittajaverkoston hallintaan ja toimittajayhteistyön kehittämiseen. Työssä selvitetään teollisen internetin ja big datan käyttökohteet sekä hyödyt osana toimittajayhteistyötä. Työ on toteutettu kirjallisuusselvityksenä. Työssä on määritelty käsitellyt teknologiat sekä tunnistetaan toimittajaverkoston ja –suhteen ominaispiirteet. Työ on jaettu käsittelemään ostavan yrityksen toimintoja toimittajaverkoston sekä yksittäisen toimittajasuhteen tasolla. Työn lopussa on tunnistettu teknologioiden käytön hyötyjä molemmilla osa-alueilla. Työn tuloksissa nähdään datan keräämisen ja avoimuuden olevan olennaista toimittajaverkoston sekä toimittajayhteistyön kehittämisen kannalta. Toimittajaverkoston hallinnan tärkeimmäksi tekijäksi havaittiin toimittajamarkkinatietämyksen tuottaminen big data –analytiikan avulla. Yksittäisen yhteistyösuhteen kehityksen pohjaksi tunnistettiin teollisen internetin kautta kerätty data. Merkittävimmät hyödyt operatiivisessa toiminnassa saadaan molemminpuolisesta toiminnan tehostumisesta, kustannussäästöistä sekä toimintavarmuuden kasvusta.
Repeated covariate measurements bring important information on the time-varying risk factors in long epidemiological follow-up studies. However, due to budget limitations, it may be possible to carry out the repeated measurements only for a subset of the cohort. We study cost-efficient alternatives for the simple random sampling in the selection of the individuals to be remeasured. The proposed selection criteria are based on forms of the D-optimality. The selection methods are compared with the simulation studies and illustrated with the data from the East–West study carried out in Finland from 1959 to 1999. The results indicate that cost savings can be achieved if the selection is focused on the individuals with high expected risk of the event and, on the other hand, on those with extreme covariate values in the previous measurements.
Objective: In epidemiological follow-up studies, many key covariates, such as smoking, use of medication, blood pressure and cholesterol, are time-varying. Because of practical and financial limitations, time-varying covariates cannot be measured continuously, but only at certain prespecified time points. We study how the number of these longitudinal measurements can be chosen cost-efficiently by evaluating the usefulness of the measurements for risk prediction. Study Design and Setting: The usefulness is addressed by measuring the improvement in model discrimination between models using different amounts of longitudinal information. We use simulated follow-up data and the data from the Finnish East–West study, a follow-up study, with eight longitudinal covariate measurements carried out between 1959 and 1999. Results: In a simulation study, we show how the variability and the hazard ratio of a time-varying covariate are connected to the importance of re-measurements. In the East–West study, it is seen that for older people, the risk predictions obtained using only every other measurement are almost equivalent to the predictions obtained using all eight measurements. Conclusion: Decisions about the study design have significant effects on the costs. The cost-efficiency can be improved by applying the measures of model discrimination to data from previous studies and simulations.
Background The decreasing participation rates and selective non-participation peril the representativeness of health examination surveys (HESs). Methods Finnish HESs conducted in 1972–2012 are used to demonstrate that survey participation rates can be enhanced with well-planned recruitment procedures and auxiliary information about survey non-participants can be used to reduce selection bias. Results Experiments incorporated to pilot surveys and experience from previously conducted surveys lead to practical improvements. For example, SMS reminders were taken as a routine procedure to the Finnish HESs after testing their effect on a pilot study and finding them as a cost-effective way to increase participation rate especially among younger age groups. Auxiliary information about survey non-participants can be obtained from many sources: sampling frames, previous measurements in longitudinal setting, re-contacts and non-response questionnaires, and record linkage to administrative data sources. These data can be used in statistical modelling to adjust the population level estimates for the selection bias. Information on the characteristics of non-participants also helps to improve targeting the recruitment in the future. Conclusion All methods discussed and recommended are relatively easy to incorporate to any national HES in Europe except the record linkage of survey data from administrative data sources. This is not feasible in all European countries because of non-existence of registries, lack of an identifier needed for record linkage, or national data protection legislation which restricts the data use.
Summary. Background. Systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and smoking are known predictors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. Less is known about the effect of lifetime accumulation and changes of risk factors over time as predictors of CVD mortality, especially in very long follow-up studies. Methods. Data from the Finnish cohorts of the Seven Countries Study were used. The baseline examination was in 1959 and seven re-examinations were carried out approximately in five-year intervals. Cohorts were followed up for mortality until the end of 2011. Time-dependent Cox models with regular time-updated risk factors, time-dependent averages of risk factors and latest changes in risk factors, using smoothing splines to discover nonlinear effects were used to analyse the predictive effect of risk factors for CVD mortality. Results. A model using cumulative risk factors, modelled as the individual-level verages of several risk factor measurements over time, predicted CVD mortality better than a model using the most recent measurement information. This difference seemed to be most prominent for systolic blood pressure. U-shaped effects of the original predictors can be explained by partitioning a risk factor effect between the recent level and the change trajectory. The change in body mass index predicted the risk although body mass index itself did not. Conclusions. The lifetime accumulation of risk factors and the observed changes in risk factor levels over time are strong predictors of CVD mortality. It is important to investigate different ways of using the longitudinal risk factor measurements to take full advantage of them.
Background: Living alone has become more common in today’s societies. Despite the high number of the population living alone, research directed towards the mental wellbeing issues related to living alone has been limited. This systematic literature review aimed to assess the association between living alone and positive mental health. Methods: We conducted searches in Medline, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and other complementary databases from January 1998 to May 2019. Randomised trials and observational studies investigating adults over 18 years of age and living alone (defined as living in a single household or a household size of one person) were eligible. The primary outcome was positive mental health, defined as comprising both hedonic and eudaimonic elements of mental wellbeing, and it was measured with the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale and/or theWHO-5 Index. Two reviewers independently screened and selected data; one reviewer extracted data, and the second checked the extracted data. A narrative synthesis described the quality and content of the evidence. Included studies were appraised using relevant Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. Results: A total of 4 cross-sectional studies (22,591 adult participants) were included after screening of 341 titles and abstracts and 46 full-text articles. These studies were conducted in Europe and were published between 2014 and 2017. The studies differed in their measurements of positive mental health (WHO-5 Well-Being Index, 3 studies; WEMWBS, 1 study), sources of data (1 regional, 1 national, and 2 European-level studies), and study populations (regional study, adults over 65 years of age; national-level study, mental health nurses over 21 years of age; European-level studies, employees between 15 and 65 years of age and adults over 18 years of age). A potential association between living alone and low positive mental health was found in three out of the four studies. Our findings were limited as the number of included studies was low and the quality of evidence varied across studies. Conclusions: This review allows a limited look at the association between living alone and positive mental health. Because the number of included studies was low and the quality of evidence varied across studies, further research is warranted.
Aims: A common objective of epidemiological surveys is to provide population-level estimates of health indicators. Survey results tend to be biased under selective non-participation. One approach to bias reduction is to collect information about non-participants by contacting them again and asking them to fill in a questionnaire. This information is called recontact data, and it allows to adjust the estimates for non-participation. Methods: We analyse data from the FINRISK 2012 survey, where re-contact data were collected. We assume that the respondents of the recontact survey are similar to the remaining non-participants with respect to the health given their available background information. Validity of this assumption is evaluated based on the hospitalization data obtained through record linkage of survey data to the administrative registers. Using this assumption and multiple imputation, we estimate the prevalences of daily smoking and heavy alcohol consumption and compare them to es1 timates obtained with a commonly used assumption that the participants represent the entire target group. Results: This approach produces higher prevalence estimates than what is estimated from participants only. Among men, smoking prevalence estimate was 28.5% (23.2% for participants), heavy alcohol consumption prevalence was 9.4% (6.8% for participants). Among women, smoking prevalence was 19.0% (16.5% for participants) and heavy alcohol consumption 4.8% (3.0% for participants). Conclusion: Utilization of re-contact data is a useful method to adjust for non-participation bias on population estimates in epidemiological surveys.
Aims: Health examinaton surveys (HES) provide important informaton about populaton health and health related factors, but declining partcipaton rates threaten the representatveness of collected data. It is hard to conduct natonal HESs so that examinaton clinics would be near to every sampled individual. Thus, it is interestng to look into the possible associaton between the distance from home to the examinaton clinic and non-partcipaton, and whether there is a certain distance after which the partcipaton actvity decreases considerably. Methods: Data from two natonal HESs conducted in Finland in 2011 and 2012 were used and a logistc regression model was fitted to investgate how distance was related to non-partcipaton. Results: We found out that non-partcipaton modestly increased with distance to the examinaton clinic. An additonal analysis indicated that a possibility to have an examinaton at home may decrease the effect of distance to partcipaton. Conclusions: Long distances from home to the examinaton clinic are one reason for low partcipaton actvity. Possible bias caused by these differences in partcipaton could be decreased by providing a possibility for home examinaton.
Background Declining participation rates in health examination surveys may impair the representativeness of surveys and introduce bias into the comparison of results between population groups if participation rates differ between them. Changes in the characteristics of non-participants over time may also limit comparability with earlier surveys. Methods We studied the association of socio-economic position with participation, and its changes over the past 25 years. Occupational class and educational level are used as indicators of socio-economic position. Data from six cross-sectional FINRISK surveys conducted between 1987 and 2012 in Finland were linked to national administrative registers, which allowed investigation of the differences between survey participants and non-participants. Results Our results show that individuals with low occupational class or low level of education were less likely to participate than individuals with high occupational class or high level of education. Participation rates decreased in all subgroups of the population but the decline was fastest among those with low level of education. Conclusions The differences in participation rates must be taken into account to avoid biased estimates because socio-economic position has also been shown to be strongly related to health, health behaviour and biological risk factors. Particular attention should be paid to the recruitment of the less-educated population groups.
BACKGROUND: Differences in outcomes after traumatic brain injury (TBI) between neurosurgical centers exist, although the reasons for this are not clear. Thus, our aim was to assess the association between the annual volume of TBI patients and mortality in neurosurgical intensive care units (NICUs). METHODS: We collected data on all patients treated in the five Finnish university hospitals to examine all patients with TBI treated in NICUs in Finland from 2009 to 2012. We used a random effect logistic regression model to adjust for important prognostic factors to assess the independent effect of ICU volume on 6-month mortality. Subgroup analyses were performed for patients with severe TBI, moderate-to-severe TBI, and those who were undergoing mechanical ventilation or intracranial pressure monitoring. RESULTS: Altogether 2,328 TBI patients were treated during the study period in five NICUs. The annual TBI patient volume ranged from 61 to 206 patients between the NICUs. Univariate analysis, showed no association between the NICUs' annual TBI patient volume and 6-month mortality (p = 0.063). The random effect model showed no independent association between the NICUs' annual TBI patient volume and 6-month mortality (OR = 1.000, 95% CI = 0.996-1.004, p = 0.876). None of the pre-defined subgroup analyses indicated any association between NICU volume and patient mortality (p > 0.05 for all). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: We did not find any association between annual TBI patient volume and 6-month mortality in NICUs. These findings should be interpreted taking into account that we only included NICUs, which by international standards all treated high volumes of TBI patients, and that we were not able to study the effect of NICU volume on neurological outcome.
Abstract Objective: To assess temporal trends in 1-year healthcare costs and outcome of intensive care for traumatic brain injury in Finland. Design: Retrospective observational cohort study. Setting: Multicenter study including four tertiary ICUs. Patients: Three thousand fifty-one adult patients (≥ 18 yr) with significant traumatic brain injury treated in a tertiary ICU during 2003–2013. Intervention: None. Measurements and Main Results: Total 1-year healthcare costs included the index hospitalization costs, rehabilitation unit costs, and social security reimbursements. All costs are reported as 2013 U.S. dollars ($). Outcomes were 1-year mortality and permanent disability. Multivariate regression models, adjusting for case-mix, were used to assess temporal trends in costs and outcome in predefined Glasgow Coma Scale (3–8, 9–12, and 13–15) and age (18–40, 41–64, and ≥65 yr) subgroups. Overall 1-year survival was 76% (n= 2,304), and of 1-year survivors, 37% (n= 850) were permanently disabled. Mean unadjusted 1-year healthcare cost was $39,809 (95% CI, $38,144–$41,473) per patient. Adjusted healthcare costs decreased only in the Glasgow Coma Scale 13–15 and 65 years and older subgroups, due to lower rehabilitation costs. Adjusted 1-year mortality did not change in any subgroup (p < 0.05 for all subgroups). Adjusted risk of permanent disability decreased significantly in all subgroups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: During the last decade, healthcare costs of ICU-admitted traumatic brain injury patients have remained largely the same in Finland. No change in mortality was noted, but the risk for permanent disability decreased significantly. Thus, our results suggest that cost-effectiveness of traumatic brain injury care has improved during the past decade in Finland.