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Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli luoda Leirikesä ry:lle uusi perehdytyssuunnitelma kesäleirinjohtajien perehdyttämisen tueksi. Tämä monimuotoinen opinnäytetyö koostuu tietoperustasta, raporttiosasta ja itse perehdytyssuunnitelmasta. Tietoperusta käsittelee perehdytystä ilmiönä sekä perehdytystä kokemuksellisen ja sosiaalisen oppimisen näkökulmasta. Raporttiosa koostuu työn toteutuksesta ja arvioinnista. Opinnäytetyön työelämäkumppani oli ehkäisevän lastensuojelutyön järjestö Leirikesä ry, joka järjestää lasten ja nuorten lomatoimintaa koulujen loma-aikoina vuosittain noin 1600 lapselle. Uuden perehdytyssuunnitelman toteuttaminen aloitettiin kartoittamalla aiemmin tehtävässä toimineiden kesäleirinjohtajien kokemuksia saamastaan perehdytyksestä. Kartoitus tehtiin sähköisellä taustakyselyllä. Vanhaa perehdytyssuunnitelmaa käytettiin hyväksi jakamalla vanhan suunnitelman sisältämät aihealueet uudelleen ja luomalla kyselyn vastausten ja omien kokemustemme perusteella muutamia uusia aihealueita. Kerätty tietoperusta linkitettiin osaksi uutta perehdytyssuunnitelmaa. Taustakysely ei tuottanut työlle merkittävää lisäarvoa, joskin vastauksissa toistuivat tietyt teemat kehitysehdotuksia kysyttäessä. Vanhaa perehdytyssuunnitelmaa arvioitaessa suunnitelmasta löytyi kehitettävää muun muassa suunnitelman laajuudessa ja ajankohtaisuudessa. Uusi suunnitelma toteutettiin uudella tavalla sitomalla suunnitelma tiiviisti osaksi noin vuoden kestävää kesäleirinjohtajan projektia. Suunnitelmaa kirjoittaessa perustelimme uuteen suunnitelmaan valitut aihealueet yhdessä tietoperustan kanssa leirinjohtajan työn kannalta merkityksellisillä seikoilla. Toteutetun perehdytyssuunnitelman avulla kesäleirinjohtajien perehdytys on laadukkaampaa ja johdonmukaisempaa. Luotu suunnitelma auttaa leirinjohtajaa käsittämään työnsä aikataulun, laajuuden ja odotukset puolin ja toisin. Suunnitelma on rakennettu helposti päivitettäväksi ja ulkoasultaan helposti luettavaksi. Vaikka suunnitelma on rakennettu vastaamaan erityisesti Leirikesän tarpeita, palvelee se muutakin järjestökenttää. Kokemuksellisen ja sosiaalisen oppimisen teorioihin pohjautuvan perehdytyssuunnitelman peruselementit ovat hyödynnettävissä erityisesti palveluntuottajajärjestöjen perehdytyksissä.
The masses of the astrophysically relevant nuclei 25Al and 30P have been measured with a Penning trap for the first time. The mass-excess values for 25Al ( Δ=−8915.962(63) keV) and 30P ( Δ=−20200.854(64) keV) obtained with the JYFLTRAP double Penning trap mass spectrometer are in good agreement with the Atomic Mass Evaluation 2012 values but ≈ 5-10 times more precise. A high precision is required for calculating resonant proton-capture rates of astrophysically important reactions 25Al (p,γ)26Si and 30P(p,γ)31S. In this work, Q(p,γ)=5513.99(13) keV and Q(p,γ)=6130.64(24) keV were obtained for 25Al and 30P, respectively. The effect of the more precise values on the resonant proton-capture rates has been studied. In addition to nuclear astrophysics, the measured QEC value of 25Al, 4276.805(45) keV, is relevant for studies of T = 1/2 mirror beta decays which have a potential to be used to test the Conserved Vector Current hypothesis.
The masses of astrophysically relevant nuclei, 25Al and 30P, have recently been measured with the JYFLTRAP double Penning trap at the new IGISOL-4 facility at the University of Jyväskylä. Unparalleled precisions of 63 and 64 eV were achieved for the 25Al and 30P masses, respectively. The proton-capture Q values for 25Al(p, γ)26Si and 30P(p, γ)31S were also determined, and their precisions improved by a factor of 4 and 2, respectively, in comparison with AME12. The impact of the more precise values on the resonant proton-capture rate has also been studied.
The mass of 31Cl has been measured with the JYFLTRAP double-Penning-trap mass spectrometer at the Ion Guide Isotope Separator On-Line (IGISOL) facility. The determined mass-excess value, −7034.7(34) keV, is 15 times more precise than in the Atomic Mass Evaluation 2012. The quadratic form of the isobaric multiplet mass equation for the T=3/2 quartet at A=31 fails (χ2n=11.6) and a nonzero cubic term, d=−3.5(11) keV, is obtained when the new mass value is adopted. 31Cl has been found to be less proton-bound, with a proton separation energy of Sp=264.6(34) keV. Energies for the excited states in 31Cl and the photodisintegration rate on 31Cl have been determined with significantly improved precision by using the new Sp value. The improved photodisintegration rate helps to constrain astrophysical conditions where 30S can act as a waiting point in the rapid proton capture process in type-I x-ray bursts.
One of the key parameters for the reaction network calculations for the rapid proton capture (rp) process, occurring e.g., in type I X-ray bursts, are the masses of the involved nuclei. Nowadays, masses of even rather exotic nuclei can be measured very precisely employing Penning-trap mass spectrometry. With the JYFLTRAP Penning trap at the IGISOL facility, masses of around 100 neutron-deficient nuclei have been determined with a typical precision of a few keV. Most recently, 25Al, 30P, 31Cl, and 52Co have been measured. Of these, the precision of the mass-excess value of 31Cl was improved from 50 to 3.4 keV, and the mass of 52Co was experimentally determined for the first time. The mass of 31Cl is relevant for estimating the waiting-point conditions for 30S as the 31Cl(γ, p)30S–30S(p, γ)31Cl equilibrium ratio depends exponentially on the Q value. For 52Co, located at the path towards 56Ni, a deviation from the extrapolated mass value has been revealed. In this contribution, recent JYFLTRAP experiments for the rp process will be discussed.
The 71Ga(νe, e−) 71Ge reaction Q value has been measured with the JYFLTRAP mass spectrometer at the IGISOL facility of the University of Jyv¨askyl¨a to Q = 232.443(93) keV. This value agrees with previous measurements, though it features a much higher accuracy. The Q value is being discussed in the context of the solar neutrino capture rate in 71Ga.
The QEC value of the superallowed β+ emitter Sc42 has been measured with the JYFLTRAP Penning-trap mass spectrometer at the University of Jyväskylä to be 6426.350(53) keV. This result is at least a factor of four more precise than all previous measurements, which were also inconsistent with one another. As a byproduct we determine the excitation energy of the 7+ isomeric state in Sc42 to be 616.762(46) keV, which deviates by 8σ from the previous measurement.
At the IGISOL-4 facility, neutron-rich, medium mass nuclei have usually been produced via charged particle-induced fission of natural uranium and thorium. Neutron-induced fission is expected to have a higher production cross section of the most neutron-rich species. Development of a neutron source along with a new ion guide continues to be one of the major goals since the commissioning of IGISOL-4. Neutron intensities at di↵erent angles from a beryllium neutron source have been measured in an on-line experiment with a 30 MeV proton beam. Recently, the new ion guide coupled to the neutron source has been tested as well. Details of the neutron source and ion guide design together with preliminary results from the first neutron-induced fission experiment at IGISOL-4 are presented in this report.
Excited levels of 88Br populated in the β decay of 88Se have been studied by means of βγ and γ γ spectroscopy methods. Neutron-rich parent 88Se nuclei were produced with proton-induced fission of 238U using the Ion Guide Isotope Separator On-Line (IGISOL) method and separated from contaminants using a dipole magnet and the coupled JYFLTRAP Penning trap at the Accelerator Laboratory of the University of Jyvaskyl ¨ a. The level scheme ¨ of 88Br has been constructed and log f t values of levels were determined. The ground-state spin of 88Br is now firmly determined to be 1−. Low-energy levels in 88Br were interpreted as members of the πp3/2(νd5/2) 3, πp−1 3/2(νd5/2) 3, πf −1 5/2 (νd5/2) 3, and πg9/2νg7/2 multiplets. The shell-model calculations performed in this work reproduce well the experimental results.
Masses of 52Co, 52Com, 52Fe, 52Fem, and 52Mn have been measured with the JYFLTRAP double Penning trap mass spectrometer. The isobaric multiplet mass equation for the T = 2 quintet at A = 52 has been studied employing the new mass values. No significant breakdown (beyond the 3o level) of the quadratic form of the IMME was observed (x2/n = 2.4). The cubic coefficient was 6.0(32) keV (x2/n = 1.1). The excitation energies for the isomer and the T = 2 isobaric analog state in 52Co have been determined to be 374(13) keV and 2922(13) keV, respectively. The measured mass values for 52Co and 52Com are 29(10) keV and 16(15) keV higher, respectively, than obtained in a recent storage-ring experiment, and significantly lower than predicted by extrapolations. Consequently, this has an impact on the proton separation energies for 52Co and 53Ni relevant for the astrophysical rapid proton capture process. The Q value for the proton decay from the 19/2- isomer in 53Co has been determined with an unprecedented precision, Qp = 1558.8(17) keV.
The atomic mass relations among the mass triplet 96Zr, 96Nb, and 96Mo have been determined by means of high-precision mass measurements using the JYFLTRAP mass spectrometer at the IGISOL facility of the University of Jyväskylä. We report Q values for the 96Zr single and double β decays to 96Nb and 96Mo, as well as the Q value for the 96Nb single β decay to 96Mo, which are Qβð96ZrÞ ¼ 163.96ð13Þ, Qββð96ZrÞ ¼ 3356.097ð86Þ, and Qβð96NbÞ ¼ 3192.05ð16Þ keV. Of special importance is the 96Zr single β-decay Q value, which has never been determined directly. The single β decay, whose main branch is fourfold unique forbidden, is an alternative decay path to the 96Zr ββ decay, and its observation can provide one of the most direct tests of the neutrinoless ββ-decay nuclear-matrix-element calculations, as these can be simultaneously performed for both decay paths with no further assumptions. The theoretical single β-decay rate has been re-evaluated using a shell-model approach, which indicates a 96Zr single β-decay lifetime within reach of an experimental verification. The uniqueness of the decay also makes such an experiment interesting for an investigation into the origin of the quenching of the axial-vector coupling constant gA.
Half-lives and branching ratios for the two mirror ββ decays of 23Mg and 27Si have been measured at the University of Jyväskylä with the IGISOL facility. The results obtained, T1/2=11.303(3)T1/2=11.303(3) s and T1/2=4.112(2)T1/2=4.112(2) s for the half-lives of 23Mg and 27Si , respectively, are 7 and 8 times more precise than the averages of previous measurements. The values obtained for the super-allowed branching ratios of 23Mg and 27Si are B.R.=92.18(8)%B.R.=92.18(8)% and B.R.=99.74(2)%B.R.=99.74(2)% , respectively. The result for 23Mg is three times more precise than the average of the previous measurements, while for 27Si the precision has not been improved, the average of the previous measurements being already very precise. Isospin-symmetry-breaking corrections have been calculated for the two nuclei to determine the corrected FtFt value.
The β-delayed neutron emission probability, Pn , of very exotic nuclei is crucial for the understanding of nuclear structure properties of many isotopes and astrophysical processes such as the rapid neutron capture process (r-process). In addition β-delayed neutrons are important in a nuclear power reactor operated in a prompt sub-critical, delayed critical condition, as they contribute to the decay heat inducing fission reactions after a shut down. The study of neutron-rich isotopes and the measurement of β-delayed one-neutron emitters (β1n) is possible thanks to the Rare Isotope Beam (RIB) facilities, where radioactive beams allow the production of exotic nuclei of interest, which can be studied and analyzed using specific detection systems. This contribution reports two recent measurements of β-delayed neutron emitters which allowed the determination of half-lives and the neutron branching ratio of isotopes in the mass region above A = 200 and N > 126, and a second experiment which confirmed 136Sb as the heaviest double neutron emitter (β2n) measured so far.
The β-delayed neutron emission probability, Pn, of very neutron-rich nuclei allows us to achieve a better understanding of the nuclear structure above the neutron separation energy, Sn. The emission of neutrons can become the dominant decay process in neutron-rich astrophysical phenomena such as the rapid neutron capture process (r-process). There are around 600 accessible isotopes for which β-delayed one-neutron emission (β1n) is energetically allowed, but the branching ratio has only been determined for about one third of them. β1n decays have been experimentally measured up to the mass A ∼ 150, plus a single measurement of 210Tl. Concerning two-neutron emitters (β2n), ∼ 300 isotopes are accessible and only 24 have been measured so far up to the mass A = 100. In this contribution, we report recent experiments which allowed the measurement of β1n emitters for masses beyond A > 200 and N > 126 and identified the heaviest β2n emitter measured so far, 136Sb.
Background: β-delayed multiple neutron emission has been observed for some nuclei with A≤100, being the Rb100 the heaviest β2n emitter measured to date. So far, only 25P2n values have been determined for the ≈300 nuclei that may decay in this way. Accordingly, it is of interest to measure P2n values for the other possible multiple neutron emitters throughout the chart of the nuclides. It is of particular interest to make such a measurement for nuclei with A>100 to test the predictions of theoretical models and simulation tools for the decays of heavy nuclei in the region of very neutron-rich nuclei. In addition, the decay properties of these nuclei are fundamental for the understanding of astrophysical nucleosynthesis processes, such as the r-process, and safety inputs for nuclear reactors. Purpose: To determine for the first time the two-neutron branching ratio, the P2n value, for Sb136 through a direct neutron measurement and to provide precise P1n values for Sb136 and Te136. Method: A pure beam of each isotope of interest was provided by the JYFLTRAP Penning trap at the Ion Guide Isotope Separator On-Line (IGISOL) facility of the University of Jyväskylä, Finland. The purified ions were implanted into a moving tape at the end of the beam line. The detection setup consisted of a plastic scintillator placed right behind the implantation point after the tape to register the β decays and the BELEN detector, based on neutron counters embedded in a polyethylene matrix. The analysis was based on the study of the β- and neutron-growth-and-decay curves and the β-one-neutron and β-two-neutron time correlations, which allowed us the determination of the neutron-branching ratios. Results: The P2n value of Sb136 was found to be 0.14(3)% and the measured P1n values for Sb136 and Te136 were found to be 32.2(15)% and 1.47(6)%, respectively. Conclusions: The measured P2n value is a factor 44 smaller than predicted by the finite-range droplet model plus the quasiparticle random-phase approximation (FRDM+QRPA) model used for r-process calculations.
In this work we report on the Monte Carlo study performed to understand and reproduce experimental measurements of a new plastic β-detector with cylindrical geometry. Since energy deposition simulations differ from the experimental measurements for such a geometry, we show how the simulation of production and transport of optical photons does allow one to obtain the shapes of the experimental spectra. Moreover, taking into account the computational effort associated with this kind of simulation, we develop a method to convert the simulations of energy deposited into light collected, depending only on the interaction point in the detector. This method represents a useful solution when extensive simulations have to be done, as in the case of the calculation of the response function of the spectrometer in a total absorption γ-ray spectroscopy analysis.
The new Decay Total Absorption Spectrometer (DTAS) has been commissioned with low energy radioactive beams at the upgraded IGISOL IV facility. The DTAS is a segmented detector composed of up to 18 NaI(Tl) crystals and it will be a key instrument in the DESPEC experiment at FAIR. In this document we report on the experimental setup and the first measurements performed with DTAS at IGISOL. The detector was characterized by means of MC simulations, and this allowed us to calculate the response function of the spectrometer and analyse the first cases of interest.
Total Absorption Spectroscopy measurements of the β decay of 103Mo and 103Tc, important contributors to the decay heat summation calculation in reactors, are reported in this work. The analysis of the experiment, performed at IGISOL with the new DTAS detector, show new β intensity that was not detected in previous measurements with Ge detectors.
Even mass neutron-rich niobium isotopes are among the principal contributors to the reactor antineutrino energy spectrum. They are also among the most challenging to measure due to the refractory nature of niobium, and because they exhibit isomeric states lying very close in energy. The β-intensity distributions of 100gs;100mNb and 102gs;102mNb β decays have been determined using the total absorption γ-ray spectroscopy technique. The measurements were performed at the upgraded Ion Guide Isotope Separator On-Line facility at the University of Jyväskylä. Here, the double Penning trap system JYFLTRAP was employed to disentangle the β decay of the isomeric states. The new data obtained in this challenging measurement have a large impact in antineutrino summation calculations. For the first time the discrepancy between the summation model and the reactor antineutrino measurements in the region of the shape distortion has been reduced.
DTAS is a segmented total absorption -ray spectrometer developed for the DESPEC experiment at FAIR. It is composed of up to eighteen NaI(Tl) crystals. In this work we study the performance of this detector with laboratory sources and also under real experimental conditions. We present a procedure to reconstruct offline the sum of the energy deposited in all the crystals of the spectrometer, which is complicated by the effect of NaI(Tl) light-yield non-proportionality. The use of a system to correct for time variations of the gain in individual detector modules, based on a light pulse generator, is demonstrated. We describe also an event-based method to evaluate the summing-pileup electronic distortion in segmented spectrometers. All of this allows a careful characterization of the detector with Monte Carlo simulations that is needed to calculate the response function for the analysis of total absorption -ray spectroscopy data. Special attention was paid to the interaction of neutrons with the spectrometer, since they are a source of contamination in studies of -delayed neutron emitting nuclei.
In this work we report on total absorption γ -ray spectroscopy measurements of the β decay of fission products that are important contributors to the antineutrino spectrum. The experiment was performed at IGISOL as a part of a campaign of measurements with the new DTAS spectrometer. Preliminary results of the analysis of the β decay of 100Nb,100mNb and 140Cs are presented.
The β decay of 100Tc has been studied by using the total absorption γ -ray spectroscopy technique at the Ion Guide Isotope Separator On-Line facility in Jyväskylä. In this work the new Decay Total Absorption γ -ray Spectrometer in coincidence with a cylindrical plastic β detector has been employed. The β intensity to the ground state obtained from the analysis is in good agreement with previous high-resolution measurements. However, differences in the feeding to the first-excited state as well as weak feeding to a new level at high excitation energy have been deduced from this experiment. Theoretical calculations performed in the quasiparticle random-phase approximation framework are also reported. Comparison of these calculations with our measurement serves as a benchmark for calculations of the double β decay of 100Mo.
The observation of a weak proton-emission branch in the decay of the 3174-keV 53mCo isomeric state marked the discovery of proton radioactivity in atomic nuclei in 1970. Here we show, based on the partial half-lives and the decay energies of the possible proton-emission branches, that the exceptionally high angular momentum barriers, 𝓁p=9 and 𝓁p=7, play a key role in hindering the proton radioactivity from 53mCo, making them very challenging to observe and calculate. Indeed, experiments had to wait decades for significant advances in accelerator facilities and multi-faceted state-of-the-art decay stations to gain full access to all observables. Combining data taken with the TASISpec decay station at the Accelerator Laboratory of the University of Jyväskylä, Finland, and the ACTAR TPC device on LISE3 at GANIL, France, we measured their branching ratios as bp1 = 1.3(1)% and bp2 = 0.025(4)%. These results were compared to cutting-edge shell-model and barrier penetration calculations. This description reproduces the order of magnitude of the branching ratios and partial half-lives, despite their very small spectroscopic factors.
Total absorption gamma-ray spectroscopy is used to measure accurately the intensity of γ emission from neutron-unbound states populated in the β-decay of delayed-neutron emitters. From the comparison of this intensity with the intensity of neutron emission one can deduce information on the (n,γ ) cross section for unstable neutron-rich nuclei of interest in r process abundance calculations. A surprisingly large γ branching was observed for a number of isotopes. The results are compared with Hauser-Feshbach calculations and discussed.
Preliminary results from beta decay studies of nuclei that are important for reactor applications are presented. The beta decays have been studied using the total absorption technique (TAS) and the pure beams provided by the JYFLTRAP system at the IGISOL facility of the University of Jyväskylä.
Total absorption gamma-ray spectroscopy is used to measure accurately the intensity of γγ emission from neutron-unbound states populated in the ββ-decay of delayed-neutron emitters. From the comparison of this intensity with the intensity of neutron emission a constraint on the (n, γγ) cross section for highly unstable neutron-rich nuclei can be deduced. A surprisingly large γγ branching was observed for a number of isotopes which might indicate the need to increase by a large factor the Hauser-Feshbach (n, γγ) cross-section estimates that impact on r process abundance calculations.
The accurate determination of reactor antineutrino spectra remains a very active research topic for which new methods of study have emerged in recent years. Indeed, following the long-recognized reactor anomaly (measured antineutrino deficit in short baseline reactor experiments when compared with spectral predictions), the three international reactor neutrino experiments Double Chooz, Daya Bay and Reno have recently demonstrated the existence of spectral distortions in their measurements with respect to the same predictions. These spectral predictions were obtained through the conversion of integral beta-energy spectra obtained at the ILL research reactor. Several studies have shown that the underlying nuclear physics required for the conversion of these spectra into antineutrino spectra is not totally understood. An alternative to such converted spectra is a complementary approach that consists of determining the antineutrino spectrum by means of the measurement and processing of nuclear data. The beta properties of some key fission products suffer from the pandemonium effect which can be circumvented by the use of the Total Absorption Gammaray Spectroscopy technique (TAGS). The two main contributors to the Pressurized Water Reactor antineutrino spectrum in the region where the spectral distortion has been observed are 92Rb and 142Cs, which have been measured at the radioactive beam facility of the University of Jyvaskyl ¨ a in two TAGS experiments. We present ¨ the results of the analysis of the TAGS measurements of the β-decay properties of 92Rb along with preliminary results on 142Cs and report on the measurements already performed.