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Insinöörityössä tavoitteena oli mitoittaa sähkön pääjakeluverkko korkeaan rakennukseen ja samalla pohtia, mitkä asiat voivat suuresti vaikuttaa verkon rakenteeseen. Työssä tarkastellaan miten verkkolaskentaohjelman käyttö onnistuu kohteessa, jossa mitoitettavia osia on paljon. Mitoitettavana kohteena työssä oli Espooseen suunnitteilla oleva Keilaranta Tower ja mitoitukseen käytettiin ABB DOC-verkkolaskentaohjelmaa. Mitoitusta varten rakennukselle laskettiin kaikki tarvittavat tehotiedot ja arvioitiin energiankulutus. Sen jälkeen jakeluverkko hahmoteltiin vastaamaan vaatimuksia ja tarpeita. Hahmotelman jälkeen verkosta piirrettiin nousujohtokaavio ja lopuksi verkko mitoitettiin ABB DOC-ohjelmalla toimivaksi. Verkosta saatiin tehtyä hyvä alustava mitoitus, jota on helppo tarvittaessa tarkentaa. Suunnittelussa tehdyt ratkaisut ovat yleisesti toteutuskelpoisia, mutta mittaroinnin toteutustapaa on yritetty viedä sellaiseen suuntaan, jossa mittareiden etälukumahdollisuutta hyödynnettäisiin paremmin kuin nykyään. ABB DOC-ohjelmalla tehty mitoitus on toimiva, ja sen tekeminen onnistui hyvin. Ohjelmassa kuitenkin arvojen muuttaminen suureen verkkoon on työlästä ja paikoin hidasta. Lisäksi verkkoon tarvittavan kasvuvarauksen saavuttamiseksi, useimmat komponentit verkossa täytyy määritellä käsin. Ohjelmasta saatavat tulokset ovat kuitenkin erittäin hyödyllisiä ja pakollisia suunnittelun kannalta. Työstä jäi Insinööritoimisto SIR-Sähkölle hyödylliset kuvat ja laskelmat verkon mahdollista jatkokäsittelyä varten. Lisäksi työn edetessä nousi esille erilaisia asioita, joihin suunnitteluvaiheessa täytyy erityisesti kiinnittää huomiota ja käyttää aikaa.
The aim of the research was to determine: What is meant by the adaptability and the flexibility of a building? Which factors can be used to affect the adaptability and the flexibility of a building? How should adaptability and flexibility be taken into account in decisionmaking concerning construction projects? Renovation of Section B of the Harju Unit of Jyväskylä Vocational Institute of Technology was selected as the subject of research. The project was implemented in 1998. Goals for the adaptability and the flexibility of the building were set retroactively in the case of the selected research project. In the presented method of setting adaptability and flexibility goals, the modifiable flexible spaces are defined first. It is essential that project-specific flexibility goals be set for modifiable spaces, for instance, with respect to divisibility into separate rental units and flexibility of the space program. The base building is dimensioned on the basis of the definition of modifiable spaces. It includes dimensioning of permanent spaces, the permanent frame section (scope of building, floor to ceiling heights, spans, etc.) and permanent building services. The infill of the building’s modifiable spaces is determined at later stages of the building project as the occupancies of the spaces are “fixed”. The infill of various sections of the building may be attached one at a time as the project advances. In order to remain within the budget of the building project, it is important that financing is based on the most expensive combination within the limits of flexibility. The presented method suits both new construction and renovation. The presented method for programming the adaptability and the flexibility of a building still needs to be tested in pilot projects.
Opinnäytetyön aiheena oli tutkia tuotannossa syntyviä virheitä ja niiden vaikutusta tuotantoon, sekä virheiden taloudellisia vaikutuksia. Lisäksi tavoitteena oli tutkimuksen päätteeksi antaa ehdotus virhemittareista sekä virherajoista tuotantoyksikköön. Resurssien vähyyden vuoksi tutkielma rajattiin koskemaan kolmea erityyppistä tuotetta, jotka edustavat mahdollisimman laaja-alaisesti tuotantoyksikössä tehtäviä tuotteita. Tutkielman teoreettisessa osuudessa käsiteltiin yhtiössä käytössä olevaa ISO 9001:2008 laatu standardia. Empiirisessä osuudessa tarkasteltiin KMT-vikaohjelman toimivuutta ja tutkittiin siitä saatavia virheraportteja. Kolmen etukäteen valitun tuotteen osalta virheet analysoitiin ja täten tuotettiin tapa analysoida kaikki tuotantoyksikön tuotteet. Tuotantoyksikön virhemittareita ja -rajoja ei pystytty toteuttamaan, johtuen tuotteiden eroavaisuuksien ja resurssien puutteiden vuoksi.
Urbanisation is one of the most significant global megatrends and, as a result, major cities are facing multiple challenges. In this study, we contribute to the sustainable urban development debate and examine the relation between housing density and infrastructure costs. The analysis is based on four hypothetical design prototypes and a consistent cost calculation framework. Based on the results, infrastructure costs per capita are the highest in low-density areas and the lowest in high-density areas, if parking is excluded. However, if also construction costs of parking structures are included, the costs per capita are the highest in high-density areas. Considering the notably high cost impact of parking structures and people's limited willingness to pay for parking, municipally zoned parking requirements in urban areas are likely to result in non-optimal land use. Furthermore, construction in poor soil conditions may only be considered feasible if the floor area ratio and residential densities are relatively high. Beyond the cost benefits, the number of residents that may be accommodated is crucial and higher density in central urban locations should be promoted. We also suggest the cost of urban greenness to be reasonable relative to its many reported benefits and conclude that denser urban structure should not be pursued at the expense of green spaces.
Purpose: Poor indoor air quality (IAQ) contributing to occupants’ health symptoms is a universal, typically ventilation-related, problem in schools. In cold climates, low-cost strategies to improve IAQ in a naturally ventilated school are rare since conventional methods, such as window opening, are often inappropriate. This paper aims to present an investigation of strategies to relieve health symptoms among school occupants in naturally ventilated school in Finland. Design/methodology/approach: A case study approach is adopted to thoroughly investigate the process of generating the alternatives of ventilation redesign in a naturally ventilated school where there have been complaints of health symptoms. First, the potential sources of the occupants’ symptoms are identified. Then, the strategies aiming to reduce the symptoms are compared and evaluated. Findings: In a naturally ventilated school, health symptoms that are significantly caused by insufficient ventilation can be potentially reduced by implementing a supply and exhaust ventilation system. Alternatively, it is possible to retain the natural ventilation with reduced number of occupants. The selected strategy would depend considerably on the desired number of users, the budget and the possibilities to combine the redesign of ventilation with other refurbishment actions. Furthermore, the risk of poorer indoor air caused by the refurbishment actions must also be addressed and considered. Practical implications: This study may assist municipal authorities and school directors in decisions concerning improvement of classroom IAQ and elimination of building-related symptoms. This research provides economic aspects of alternative strategies and points out the risks related to major refurbishment actions. Originality/value: Since this study presents a set of features related to indoor air that contribute to occupants’ health as well as matters to be considered when aiming to decrease occupants’ symptoms, it may be of assistance to municipal authorities and practitioners in providing a healthier indoor environment for pupils and teachers.
Purpose – The goal of this study is to perform an economic comparison of alternative service concepts designed to improve the productivity of nursing care in a refurbishment project of selected sheltered housing facility. Design/methodology/approach – Four different service development options were identified for the dining and kitchen facilities: the dining facilities were either decentralised or centralised, and the meals were prepared on site or brought in from outside. Findings – The form of dining model chosen affected the operating costs more than the spatial costs. The biggest differences in operating costs were attributable to the meal price and to the costs of transferring disabled residents to the dining area. The study showed that the option which had the lowest spatial costs surprisingly had the highest total costs. This was the option in which the meals were conveyed to the decentralised dining rooms located on the different floors by the food supplier. The total costs of this option were 50 per cent higher than the total costs of the decentralised option with on-site cooking facilities. The centralised dining option with externalised food service had considerably lower renovation costs but 15 per cent higher total costs than the lowest cost option (decentralised dining option with own kitchen). Originality/value – The paper provides a practical model for taking into account not only remodelling costs but also operating costs in total cost calculations of the remodelling process.
The aim of this literature review is to provide structured information for the basis of organizing the future cities through circular economy. The built environment is responsible for the majority of global greenhouse gases and raw material extraction. Climate efficiency in cities cannot be improved simply by replacing the old structures with new ones, because both the construction and operation phases cause major resource and energy consumption. The academia and practice have recognized circular economy as a key approach in sustainable urban development, especially in China and Europe. The main idea of circular economy is to retain the value of resources and to prevent the use of virgin materials and waste outputs, not only by recycling and reusing, but primarily by reducing the need for resources. This review aims to clarify the general view, identify research gaps and target further research by asking how the present body of literature sees cities getting organized in the transition towards low carbon circular economy. The review covers 282 journal articles, forming three approaches for the adoption of circular economy in the built environment: (1) Management for sustainable cities; (2) Urban services and consumer practices aligned with circular economy; and (3) Cleaner production and construction. In the results on consumer practices, requests on waste hierarchy indicate that further research is needed on strategies of reduction such as product-service systems in intensifying use and extending service life. The review also suggests a new concept of urban-rural symbiosis as a potential approach for resource recovery in integrated urban waste, water and energy systems. In the construction sector, the review notes shortcomings of buildings’ life cycle assessment in the ability to reveal benefits in practices of reuse and reduction. In urban and industrial symbiosis, the review finds lack of carbon-free techniques and notices a risk of failing waste hierarchy. In the management of sustainable cities, the literature highlights self-correcting ‘adaptive management cycle’ with the phases of planning, implementation and evaluation. The review divides strategies for successful implementation under the categories of innovation-positive and inclusive politics, cross-sectoral integration, and cross-institutional capacity development. To promote cross-sectoral integration and cross-institutional capacity development, it is suggested that cities establish a database that consists of an interconnected set of best practices that are evaluated and continuously supplemented. This kind of a platform could support developing of built environment towards circular economy and delinking of environmental impact from economic growth.
Adoption of the design for disassembly (DfD) concept is suggested as a promising strategy to cope with the climate targets and increase circular economy in the construction sector. Yet, the concept is little used partially due to technical challenges, including inadequate information about demolition and the characteristics of components. This study aims to investigate the demands for information linked to new concrete components with the purpose of reuse. In the building phase, concrete components cause the majority of emissions. Thus, these components also have the greatest potential for CO2 emissions savings. A comprehensive list of information related to DfD concrete components and their characteristics was gathered in a workshop with experts of DfD concrete elements. Furthermore, the stakeholders of DfD components data processing were considered. The results of this study may support the adoption of DfD with concrete components as it provides information for designers and builders to implement in early phases of building projects.
Takt production has been of great interest in construction during the last few years. In this research, a case study was carried out to demonstrate how the scheduling of an apartment building renovation project that utilizes takt production can be done. Furthermore, the study defines what clarifications should be made into the existing takt production models in the context of apartment building renovation projects, and it also explains why. Based on the study, adhering to a uniform production rate is challenging in apartment renovation projects. Therefore, a total of five clarifications to existing takt production methods are suggested. (1) Production with short takt requires a highly detailed definition of tasks in order to avoid ambiguousness. (2) Some tasks carried out in takt areas may have to be excluded from takt production. (3) The sensitivity of a created takt schedule should be evaluated, and buffers should be added accordingly. (4) Emphasis must be put on coordinating takted and non-takted tasks. (5) Takt plan modification during production requires effective procedures, since there is little time to react.
The use of the laser scanning technique has increased rapidly in the field of built environment, mainly because it produces highly accurate as-built data. However, the full potential of this technique is utilised only limitedly in building refurbishment projects. This research aims to investigate the barriers to the implementation of laser scanning in building refurbishment projects in Finland. Qualitative interviews were carried out to identify these barriers, and furthermore, to explore the current usage of the technique in building refurbishments. The study shows that many obstacles to implementations are related to challenges in laser scanning procurement, including a low level of competence in acquisition, limitations of the laser scanning technique in building refurbishments, and limitations and challenges in utilising the data in design work. This study is beneficial for building owners and practitioners as it presents the challenges and advantages that laser scanning can provide a refurbishment project. In addition, it offers suggestions to improve the early phase of a refurbishment project in order to achieve greater benefits with laser scanning. Furthermore, the findings may be utilised in the procurement process of laser scanning services in such projects, and the results may potentially solve practical challenges encountered in laser scanning work.
Rakennusalan työntekijöiden substanssiosaaminen on perinteisesti ymmärretty tärkeäksi osaksi rakennustyömaiden sujuvaa toteutumista. Substanssiosaaminen yksin ei kuitenkaan riitä rakennusalalla, jossa olennaista on ihmisten välinen vuorovaikutus ja moninaisten tilanteiden hallinta. Usealla muulla toimialalla on tiedostettu, että ns. yleisten työelämätaitojen, tai metataitojen, osaamisella on merkittävä vaikutus työyhteisön toimivuuteen ja työn tuloksellisuuteen. Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin metataitoja rakennusalan kontekstissa sekä kartoitettiin rakennustyömaiden metataitoihin liittyvän osaamisen nykytilaa työmaahaastattelujen ja kyselyjen avulla. Haastattelujen ja kyselyjen vastaajina olivat erikseen työnjohtajat ja rakennustyöntekijät. Aluksi tutkimuksessa muodostettiin listaus rakennustyön kannalta tärkeiksi oletetuista metataidoista kirjallisuuden avulla. Vastaajat kokivat listattujen metataitojen olevan tärkeitä sekä haastatteluissa että kyselyissä. Lisäksi valtaosassa taidoista koettiin olevan osaamisen puutteita. Kyselyistä selvisi myös, että alalla töissä olevat toivovat, että metataitojen opettamiseen kiinnitettäisiin enemmän huomiota rakennusalan opetuksessa. Tutkimuksen toisessa osassa perehdyttiin metataitojen pedagogiikkaan kirjallisuuskatsauksen avulla, ja pilotoitiin metataitojen opettamiseen huomiota kiinnittävä ”konsulttimaista projektityöskentelyä” käyttävä opintojakso Tampereen yliopiston rakennusalan opetuksessa. Opintojakson suorittaneet opiskelijat kokivat, että heillä on vielä osaamisen puutteita metataitoihin liittyen, ja että pilottiopintojakson kaltainen menettely edesauttoi tiettyjen metataitojen oppimista. Tähän liittyen tärkeänä viestinä kirjallisuudesta kuitenkin nostettiin esiin metataitojen opettamisen näkökulma koko tutkinnon aikana, eikä vain yksittäisellä opintojaksolla. Metataitojen osaamisessa on siis puutteita, siihen toivotaan enemmän panostusta, ja ratkaisuksi tähän ehdotetaan metataitojen oppimisen huomioimista tutkintotasolla. Tutkinnon alussa opiskelijat olisi hyvä perehdyttää metataitoihin käsitteenä, niiden osaamisen tasoon ja mahdollisuuksiin oppia metataitoja. Tutkinnon edetessä opiskelijoita tulisi altistaa metataitojen oppimiselle erilaisin pedagogisin menettelyin, mm. yritysyhteistyötä hyödyntävien projektitöiden avulla.
Purpose This study aims to present property management challenges that municipalities have encountered regarding a public building with noted building-related symptoms. The study goes on to provide reasons for the failure of attempts to manage the symptoms and discusses the current challenges concerning the process. Design/methodology/approach A participatory case study was used as the research methodology to identify the current challenges concerning a municipal approach to managing the building-related symptoms in a case-study building. The researchers scrutinised the history of the health symptom management process and attended the project planning meetings focused on the investigation of the condition of the building. Findings Multiple challenges concerning maintenance and omitted or postponed repair actions, as well as vagueness in the management process were found. In addition to this, it was noted that the complexity of the initial design of the building and vandalism have resulted in challenges for the maintenance and moisture performance of the building structures. According to the study, more orderliness and a more systematic process is needed when managing a municipal property. Practical implications The identified property management challenges may be of practical value for the facility managers and the property owners, especially when managing the building-related symptoms and a damaged building. Originality/value This study highlights the importance of having an in-depth understanding of condition assessments as well as proper maintenance and timely repairs for the successful management of the building-related symptoms in a municipal building. This is a pilot project in a larger project of management of building refurbishment.
Purpose: Public authorities are required to organise new facilities to respond to changed user demands in terms of a public-owned school. The number of pupils attending the case study school will increase in the following years, as will the number of children attending a day nursery located on the present campus. In addition, the users of the campus have complained of building-related symptoms. This study aims to understand the municipal decision-making process in organising the school’s facilities, in particular, the factors used for decreasing uncertainty around a project. Design/methodology/approach: This study is a case study undertaken through an action research approach. The researchers participated in the project planning meetings concerning the future activities to take place in the building. Findings: Over a 13-month period, multiple stakeholders participated in the project planning meetings providing a deeper understanding of the space demands posed, current challenges and opportunities offered by the existing building. In addition, the alternative solutions generated were evaluated. The problem identification and information gathering periods lasted over nine months, which was far longer than predicted. Thus, generating alternative solutions and evaluation of the solutions also delayed. As the entire process was delayed substantially, the final decision on organising the facilities was not made during this research. Practical implications: This research may be of practical value for a property owner and a project team for decision-making concerning changed facility demands. Originality/value: This paper provides information about how public authorities are making decisions on facility organisation during conditions of uncertainty.
Suurissa ja vaativissa korjaushankkeissa ongelmana on, että tuotantoa ei oteta riittävästi huomioon hankkeen suunnitteluvaiheessa. Tämä aiheuttaa vaikeuksia päästä hankkeen tavoitteisiin aikataulun, kustannusten ja laadun osalta. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli kehittää toimintaohjeita, joiden avulla tuotannon potentiaaliset ongelmat voidaan ottaa huomioon jo korjaushankkeen suunnitteluvaiheessa. Tutkimuksessa tietoa kerättiin kahdeksasta hiljattain valmistuneesta tai rakennusvaiheen loppupuolella olleesta vaativasta korjaushankkeesta haastattelemalla niiden tilaajat ja pääurakoitsijat sekä osasta hankkeista myös muita osapuolia. Hankkeista selvitettiin rakennusvaiheessa ilmenneet ongelmat ja niiden syyt sekä kerättiin näkemyksiä siitä, miten ongelmiin oltaisiin voitu varautua ja miten niitä oltaisiin voitu ehkäistä jo hankkeen suunnitteluvaiheessa. Merkittävät ongelmat hankkeissa liittyivät toteutuskelpoisten toteutussuunnitelmien valmistumiseen liian myöhään sekä rakentamisen aikana esiin nousseisiin yllätyksiin. Toteutussuunnitelmien myöhästymiseen vaikuttaneita syitä olivat muun muassa puutteelliset mittatiedot korjattavasta rakennuksesta, osapuolten yhteistoiminnan puutteellisuus ja suunnittelijoiden liian vähäinen läsnäolo työmaalla. Rakentamisen aikaisia yllätyksiä aiheuttivat eniten rakenteiden ennakoitua huonompi kunto sekä pohjaolosuhteet ja maarakentaminen. Myös rakennuksen työnaikainen sääsuojaus ja työmaan logistiikka aiheuttivat haasteita osassa hankkeista. Tutkimustulosten pohjalta kehitettiin toimintaohjeita tuotannon huomioimiseksi korjaushankkeen suunnitteluvaiheessa.
Purpose: This study aims to provide a foundation for the development of subcontracts that suit takt production in construction. Design/methodology/approach: This is a non-empiric conceptual study, which integrates takt production and general construction literature into new proposals for subcontract clauses suitable for takt production in construction. This study uses literature reviews, from which proposals regarding takt production viable subcontract clauses are conducted via logical reasoning. Findings: A total of 13 proposals for takt production applicable subcontracts are provided in this study. The proposals emphasize detailed and collaborative planning, suitable payment methods and flexibility for takt plan modification. Originality/value: Previous takt literature has not properly addressed the development of subcontracts for takt production, despite regular attempts to use subcontracting in takt production. This study aims to aid main contractors to create fair and suitable subcontracts, so that adhering to takt schedules could be more viable in practice. This study also acts as a foundation for further empirical studies regarding the subject.