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This article seeks to analyse how epistemic work (Alasuutari, 2018; Alasuutari and Qadir, 2019) in Portuguese parliamentary education debates develops through externalisation to world situations (Schriewer, 1990) whose references are used as epistemic capital (Alasuutari, 2018). The study explores debates occurring during Legislature X (2005–2009), in which the number of external references in plenary education debates significantly peaked compared with previous and subsequent legislatures. The analysis demonstrates that there was a change in the (de-)legitimation strategies policymakers used during this legislature. In addition to using the traditional ideological principles associated with each party, deputies often opted to use international organisations and their instruments, alongside reference societies, as authoritative sources to strengthen arguments and persuade their audience of their validity. This suggests that parliamentary policymakers assume that these external elements are useful in earning support for their policy ideas and promoting reform proposals.
The objective of this thesis is to measure the employee engagement at the company X. I have introduced different studies that have proven the employee engagement to have a positive influence on organizations performances worldwide and explain why the employee engagement is crucial for every successful organization nowadays. The purpose of this thesis is to help the company x to improve their performance through employee engagement. I have gathered information to support the argument that the employee engagement has a great effect on the organizations performance. In the theory section, the author will first disclose the meaning of employee engagement and how to measure it. Thesis will explain why employee engagement is important and introduce a few different researches done on the topic, for example The State of the Global Workplace done by Gallup and The Global Workforce Study by Tower Watson. Both researches discuss the current employee engagement state in various countries and how the level of engagement affects organizations in terms of performance. In the research section, the author used The WIFI engagement survey created by Cook (2008) regarding the current state of employee engagement at the company X.
The self-driving vehicle has been widely presented in the media as a concept in the last few years and many companies, such as Volkswagen, are working on the technology. The autonomous technology promises to bring an easier and safer journey. By sensing the surround environment, the car will drive by itself allowing the driver to enjoy his or her qualitative time on the way. However, deliver the technology to the market might not be an easy task due to its potential disruptive characteristics. There should be an initial phase that can introduce the technology to people, involve and take them smoothly to the fully autonomous experience. The high-autonomous vehicle can take the role of intermediation between steering and controlling. Although it does not allow the driver to sleep or be mentally far away from the task of guiding the vehicle, the high-automated technology will give some freedom to the conductor for performing some side tasks not allowed today. This study will focus on understanding how to find real business opportunities for high-autonomous vehicles, and deliver meaningful values to customers and users within a practical case at Volkswagen A.G. The research will be conducted by utilizing a design-science approach. Therefore users, and multidisciplinary experts will be involved into the co-creation of potential solutions. The aim is to generate innovative business models that would show meaningful and feasible ways to deliver the technology as a product-service system, generating revenue in return. Three research questions are responsible for shaping this study: “What are the benefits the high-autonomous vehicle can bring to drivers?” “Who are the users/customers that would value those bene-fits?” and “How to generate revenue from this service/product?” By answering them, potential product-service system scenarios as well as business model canvas are created and presented. Beyond answering the research questions, the study tries to transform a technology push into a need pull situation by balancing the three main important multidisciplinary constraints: feasibility, viability and desirability. A framework about the amount of time spent on each of those constraints in order to achieve balance can be also seen in the conclusion as a contribution for IDBM (International Design Business Management) master’s course.