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Multiwavelength variability and correlation studies of Mrk 421 during historically low X-ray and gamma-ray activity in 2015–2016

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Multiwavelength variability and correlation studies of Mrk 421 during historically low X-ray and gamma-ray activity in 2015–2016

http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi-fe2021071341434
Teksti
Acciari, V. A. (V. A.) ; Ansoldi, S. (S.) ; Antonelli, L. A. (L. A.) ; Asano, K. (K.) ; Babic, A. (A.) ; Banerjee, B. (B.) ; Baquero, A. (A.) ; de Almeida, U. B. (U. Barres) ; Barrio, J. A. (J. A.) ; Becerra Gonzalez, J. (J.) ; Bednarek, W. (W.) ; Bellizzi, L. (L.) ; Bernardini, E. (E.) ; Bernardos, M. (M.) ; Berti, A. (A.) ; Besenrieder, J. (J.) ; Bhattacharyya, W. (W.) ; Bigongiari, C. (C.) ; Blanch, O. (O.) ; Bonnoli, G. (G.) ; Bosnjak, Z. (Z.) ; Busetto, G. (G.) ; Carosi, R. (R.) ; Ceribella, G. (G.) ; Cerruti, M. (M.) ; Chai, Y. (Y.) ; Chilingarian, A. (A.) ; Cikota, S. (S.) ; Colak, S. M. (S. M.) ; Colombo, E. (E.) ; Contreras, J. L. (J. L.) ; Cortina, J. (J.) ; Covino, S. (S.) ; D'Amico, G. (G.) ; D'Elia, V. (V) ; Da Vela, P. (P.) ; Dazzi, F. (F.) ; De Angelis, A. (A.) ; De Lotto, B. (B.) ; Delfino, M. (M.) ; Delgado, J. (J.) ; Delgado Mendez, C. (C.) ; Depaoli, D. (D.) ; Di Girolamo, T. (T.) ; Di Pierro, F. (F.) ; Di Venere, L. (L.) ; Espi Neira, E. D. (E. Do Souto) ; Prester, D. D. (D. Dominis) ; Donini, A. (A.) ; Doro, M. (M.) ; Ramazani, V. F. (V. Fallah) ; Fattorini, A. (A.) ; Ferrara, G. (G.) ; Foffano, L. (L.) ; Fonseca, M. V. (M., V) ; Font, L. (L.) ; Fruck, C. (C.) ; Fukami, S. (S.) ; Garcia Lopez, R. J. (R. J.) ; Garczarczyk, M. (M.) ; Gasparyan, S. (S.) ; Gaug, M. (M.) ; Giglietto, N. (N.) ; Giordano, F. (F.) ; Gliwny, P. (P.) ; Green, J. G. (J. G.) ; Green, D. (D.) ; Hadasch, D. (D.) ; Hahn, A. (A.) ; Heckmann, L. (L.) ; Herrera, J. (J.) ; Hoang, J. (J.) ; Hrupec, D. (D.) ; Huetten, M. (M.) ; Inada, T. (T.) ; Inoue, S. (S.) ; Ishio, K. (K.) ; Iwamura, Y. (Y.) ; Jormanainen, J. (J.) ; Jouvin, L. (L.) ; Kajiwara, Y. (Y.) ; Karjalainen, M. (M.) ; Kerszberg, D. (D.) ; Kobayashi, Y. (Y.) ; Kubo, H. (H.) ; Kushida, J. (J.) ; Lamastra, A. (A.) ; Lelas, D. (D.) ; Leone, F. (F.) ; Lindfors, E. (E.) ; Lombardi, S. (S.) ; Longo, F. (F.) ; Lopez, M. (M.) ; Lopez-Coto, R. (R.) ; Lopez-Oramas, A. (A.) ; Loporchio, S. (S.) ; de Oliveira Fraga, B. M. (B. Machado) ; Maggio, C. (C.) ; Majumdar, P. (P.) ; Makariev, M. (M.) ; Mallamaci, M. (M.) ; Maneva, G. (G.) ; Manganaro, M. (M.) ; Maraschi, L. (L.) ; Mariotti, M. (M.) ; Martinez, M. (M.) ; Mazin, D. (D.) ; Mender, S. (S.) ; Micanovic, S. (S.) ; Miceli, D. (D.) ; Miener, T. (T.) ; Minev, M. (M.) ; Miranda, J. M. (J. M.) ; Mirzoyan, R. (R.) ; Molina, E. (E.) ; Moralejo, A. (A.) ; Morcuende, D. (D.) ; Moreno, V. (V) ; Moretti, E. (E.) ; Munar-Adrover, P. (P.) ; Neustroev, V. (V) ; Nigro, C. (C.) ; Nilsson, K. (K.) ; Ninci, D. (D.) ; Nishijima, K. (K.) ; Noda, K. (K.) ; Nozaki, S. (S.) ; Ohtani, Y. (Y.) ; Oka, T. (T.) ; Otero-Santos, J. (J.) ; Palatiello, M. (M.) ; Paneque, D. (D.) ; Paoletti, R. (R.) ; Paredes, J. M. (J. M.) ; Pavletic, L. (L.) ; Penil, P. (P.) ; Perennes, C. (C.) ; Persic, M. (M.) ; Moroni, P. G. (P. G. Prada) ; Prandini, E. (E.) ; Priyadarshi, C. (C.) ; Puljak, I. (I) ; Rhode, W. (W.) ; Ribo, M. (M.) ; Rico, J. (J.) ; Righi, C. (C.) ; Rugliancich, A. (A.) ; Saha, L. (L.) ; Sahakyan, N. (N.) ; Saito, T. (T.) ; Sakurai, S. (S.) ; Satalecka, K. (K.) ; Schleicher, B. (B.) ; Schmidt, K. (K.) ; Schweizer, T. (T.) ; Sitarek, J. (J.) ; Snidaric, I. (I) ; Sobczynska, D. (D.) ; Spolon, A. (A.) ; Stamerra, A. (A.) ; Strom, D. (D.) ; Strzys, M. (M.) ; Suda, Y. (Y.) ; Suric, T. (T.) ; Takahashi, M. (M.) ; Tavecchio, F. (F.) ; Temnikov, P. (P.) ; Terzic, T. (T.) ; Teshima, M. (M.) ; Torres-Alba, N. (N.) ; Tosti, L. (L.) ; Truzzi, S. (S.) ; van Scherpenberg, J. (J.) ; Vanzo, G. (G.) ; Vazquez Acosta, M. (M.) ; Ventura, S. (S.) ; Verguilov, V. (V.) ; Vigorito, C. F. (C. F.) ; Vitale, V. (V.) ; Vovk, I. (I) ; Will, M. (M.) ; Zaric, D. (D.) ; Arbet-Engels, A. (A.) ; Baack, D. (D.) ; Balbo, M. (M.) ; Beck, M. (M.) ; Biederbeck, N. (N.) ; Biland, A. (A.) ; Bretz, T. (T.) ; Bruegge, K. (K.) ; Buss, J. (J.) ; Dorner, D. (D.) ; Elsaesser, D. (D.) ; Hildebrand, D. (D.) ; Iotov, R. (R.) ; Klinger, M. (M.) ; Mannheim, K. (K.) ; Neise, D. (D.) ; Neronov, A. (A.) ; Noethe, M. (M.) ; Paravac, A. (A.) ; Sliusar, V. (V) ; Theissen, F. (F.) ; Walter, R. (R.) ; Valverde, J. (J.) ; Horan, D. (D.) ; Giroletti, M. (M.) ; Perri, M. (M.) ; Verrecchia, F. (F.) ; Leto, C. (C.) ; Sadun, A. C. (A. C.) ; Moody, J. W. (J. W.) ; Joner, M. (M.) ; Marscher, A. P. (A. P.) ; Jorstad, S. G. (S. G.) ; Lahteenmaki, A. (A.) ; Tornikoski, M. (M.) ; Ramakrishnan, V. (V) ; Jarvela, E. (E.) ; Vera, R. J. (R. J. C.) ; Righini, S. (S.) ; Lien, A. Y. (A. Y.)
Oxford University Press

Abstract

We report a characterization of the multiband flux variability and correlations of the nearby (z = 0.031) blazar Markarian 421 (Mrk 421) using data from Metsähovi, Swift, Fermi-LAT, MAGIC, FACT, and other collaborations and instruments from 2014 November till 2016 June. Mrk 421 did not show any prominent flaring activity, but exhibited periods of historically low activity above 1 TeV (F> 1 TeV < 1.7 × 10⁻¹² ph cm⁻² s⁻¹) and in the 2–10 keV (X-ray) band (F2–10 keV < 3.6 × 10⁻¹¹ erg cm⁻² s⁻¹), during which the Swift-BAT data suggest an additional spectral component beyond the regular synchrotron emission. The highest flux variability occurs in X-rays and very high-energy (E > 0.1 TeV) gamma-rays, which, despite the low activity, show a significant positive correlation with no time lag. The HRkeV and HRTeV show the harder-when-brighter trend observed in many blazars, but the trend flattens at the highest fluxes, which suggests a change in the processes dominating the blazar variability. Enlarging our data set with data from years 2007 to 2014, we measured a positive correlation between the optical and the GeV emission over a range of about 60 d centred at time lag zero, and a positive correlation between the optical/GeV and the radio emission over a range of about 60 d centred at a time lag of \(43_{-6}^{+9}\) d. This observation is consistent with the radio-bright zone being located about 0.2 parsec downstream from the optical/GeV emission regions of the jet. The flux distributions are better described with a lognormal function in most of the energy bands probed, indicating that the variability in Mrk 421 is likely produced by a multiplicative process.

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