Abstract

We present the calibration strategy for the 20 kton liquid scintillator central detector of the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO). By utilizing a comprehensive multiple-source and multiple-positional calibration program, in combination with a novel dual calorimetry technique exploiting two independent photosensors and readout systems, we demonstrate that the JUNO central detector can achieve a better than 1% energy linearity and a 3% effective energy resolution, required by the neutrino mass ordering determination.

JUNO Collaboration

Abusleme, Angel1, Adam, Thomas2, Ahmad, Shakeel3, Ahmed, Rizwan3, Aiello, Sebastiano4, 5, Akram, Muhammad3, An, Fengpeng6, An, Guangpeng7, An, Qi8, Andronico, Giuseppe4, 5, Anfimov, Nikolay9, Antonelli, Vito10, 11, Antoshkina, Tatiana9, Asavapibhop, Burin12, Athayde Marcondes de Andre, Joao Pedro2, Auguste, Didier13, Babic, Andrej14, Baldini, Wander15, 16, Barresi, Andrea17, 18, Baussan, Eric2, Bellato, Marco19, Bergnoli, Antonio19, Bernieri, Enrico20, 21, Birkenfeld, Thilo22, Blin, Sylvie13, Blum, David23, Blyth, Simon24, Bolshakova, Anastasia9, Bongrand, Mathieu25, Bordereau, Clement24, 26, Breton, Dominique13, Brigatti, Augusto10, 11, Brugnera, Riccardo19, 27, Bruno, Riccardo4, 5, Budano, Antonio20, 21, Buscemi, Mario4, 5, Busto, Jose28, Butorov, Ilya9, Cabrera, Anatael13, Cai, Hao29, Cai, Xiao7, Cai, Yanke7, Cai, Zhiyan7, Cammi, Antonio17, 30, Campeny, Agustin1, Cao, Chuanya7, Cao, Guofu7, Cao, Jun7, Caruso, Rossella4, 5, Cerna, Cedric26, Chang, Jinfan7, Chang, Yun31, Chen, Pingping32, Chen, Po-An24, Chen, Shaomin33, Chen, Shenjian34, Chen, Xurong35, Chen, Yi-Wen36, Chen, Yixue37, Chen, Yu38, Chen, Zhang7, Cheng, Jie7, Cheng, Yaping39, Chiesa, Davide17, 18, Chimenti, Pietro40, Chukanov, Artem9, Chuvashova, Anna9, Claverie, Gerard26, Clementi, Catia41, 42, Clerbaux, Barbara43, Di Lorenzo, Selma Conforti13, Corti, Daniele19, Costa, Salvatore4, 5, Dal Corso, Flavio19, Dalager, Olivia44, De la Taille, Christophe13, Deng, Jiawei29, Deng, Zhi33, Deng, Ziyan7, Depnering, Wilfried45, Diaz, Marco1, Ding, Xuefeng10, 11, Ding, Yayun7, Dirgantara, Bayu46, Dmitrievsky, Sergey9, Dohnal, Tadeas47, Donchenko, Georgy48, Dong, Jianmeng33, Dornic, Damien28, Doroshkevich, Evgeny49, Dracos, Marcos2, Druillole, Frederic47, Du, Shuxian50, Dusini, Stefano19, Dvorak, Martin47, Enqvist, Timo51, Enzmann, Heike45, Fabbri, Andrea20, 21, Fajt, Lukas14, Fan, Donghua52, Fan, Lei7, Fang, Can53, Fang, Jian7, Fargetta, Marco4, 5, Fatkina, Anna9, Fedoseev, Dmitry9, Fekete, Vladko14, Feng, Li-Cheng36, Feng, Qichun54, Ford, Richard10, 11, Formozov, Andrey10, 11, Fournier, Amelie26, Gan, Haonan55, Gao, Feng22, Garfagnini, Alberto19, 27, Goettel, Alexandre22, 56, Genster, Christoph56, Giammarchi, Marco10, 11, Giaz, Agnese19, 27, Giudice, Nunzio4, 5, Giuliani, Franco57, Gonchar, Maxim9, Gong, Guanghua33, Gong, Hui33, Gorchakov, Oleg9, Gornushkin, Yuri9, Grassi, Marco19, 27, Grewing, Christian58, Gromov, Vasily9, Gu, Minghao7, Gu, Xiaofei50, Gu, Yu59, Guan, Mengyun7, Guardone, Nunzio4, 5, Gul, Maria3, Guo, Cong7, Guo, Jingyuan38, Guo, Wanlei7, Guo, Xinheng60, Guo, Yuhang61, 56, Hackspacher, Paul45, Hagner, Caren62, Han, Ran39, Han, Yang13, Hassan, Muhammad3, He, Miao7, He, Wei7, Heinz, Tobias23, Hellmuth, Patrick26, Heng, Yuekun7, Herrera, Rafael1, Hong, Daojin53, Hor, YuenKeung38, Hou, Shaojing7, Hsiung, Yee24, Hu, Bei-Zhen24, Hu, Hang38, Hu, Jianrun7, Hu, Jun7, Hu, Shouyang63, Hu, Tao7, Hu, Zhuojun38, Huang, Chunhao38, Huang, Guihong7, Huang, Hanxiong63, Huang, Qinhua2, Huang, Wenhao64, Huang, Xingtao64, Huang, Yongbo53, Hui, Jiaqi57, Huo, Lei54, Huo, Wenju8, Huss, Cedric26, Hussain, Safeer3, Insolia, Antonio4, 5, Ioannisian, Ara65, Isocrate, Roberto19, Jelmini, Beatrice19, 27, Jen, Kuo-Lun36, Ji, Xiaolu7, Ji, Xingzhao38, Jia, Huihui66, Jia, Junji29, Jian, Siyu63, Jiang, Di8, Jiang, Xiaoshan7, Jin, Ruyi7, Jing, Xiaoping7, Jollet, Cecile26, Joutsenvaara, Jari51, Jungthawan, Sirichok46, Kalousis, Leonidas2, Kampmann, Philipp22, 56, Kang, Li32, Karagounis, Michael58, Kazarian, Narine65, Khan, Amir38, Khan, Waseem61, Khosonthongkee, Khanchai46, Kinz, Patrick36, Korablev, Denis9, Kouzakov, Konstantin48, Krasnoperov, Alexey9, Krokhaleva, Svetlana49, Krumshteyn, Zinovy9, Kruth, Andre58, Kutovskiy, Nikolay9, Kuusiniemi, Pasi51, Lachenmaier, Tobias23, Landini, Cecilia10, 11, Leblanc, Sebastien26, Lebrin, Victor25, Lefevre, Frederic25, Lei, Ruiting32, Leitner, Rupert47, Leung, Jason36, Li, Demin50, Li, Fei7, Li, Fule33, Li, Haitao38, Li, Huiling7, Li, Jiaqi38, Li, Jin7, Li, Kaijie38, Li, Mengzhao7, Li, Nan7, 67, Li, Nan7, 67, Li, Qingjiang67, Li, Ruhui7, Li, Shanfeng32, Li, Shuaijie38, Li, Tao38, Li, Weidong7, Li, Weiguo7, Li, Xiaomei63, Li, Xiaonan7, Li, Xinglong63, Li, Yi32, Li, Yufeng7, Li, Zhibing38, Li, Ziyuan38, Liang, Hao8, Liang, Jingjing53, Liebau, Daniel58, Limphirat, Ayut46, Limpijumnong, Sukit46, Lin, Guey-Lin36, Lin, Shengxin32, Lin, Tao7, Ling, Jiajie38, Lippi, Ivano19, Liu, Fang37, Liu, Haidong50, Liu, Hongbang53, Liu, Hongjuan68, Liu, Hongtao38, Liu, Hu59, 38, Liu, Hui59, Liu, Jianglai57, 69, Liu, Jinchang7, Liu, Min68, Liu, Qian70, Liu, Qin8, Liu, Runxuan22, 56, Liu, Shuangyu7, Liu, Shubin8, Liu, Shulin7, Liu, Xiaowei38, Liu, Yan7, Lokhov, Alexey48, Lombardi, Paolo10, 11, Lombardo, Claudio4, 5, 71, 72, Loo, Kai45, Lu, Chuan55, Lu, Haoqi7, Lu, Jingbin73, Lu, Junguang7, Lu, Shuxiang50, Lu, Xiaoxu7, Lubsandorzhiev, Bayarto49, Lubsandorzhiev, Sultim49, Ludhova, Livia22, 56, Luo, Fengjiao7, Luo, Guang38, Luo, Pengwei38, Luo, Shu74, Luo, Wuming7, Lyashuk, Vladimir49, Ma, Qiumei7, Ma, Si7, Ma, Xiaoyan7, Ma, Xubo37, Maalmi, Jihane13, Malyshkin, Yury9, Mantovani, Fabio15, 16, Manzali, Francesco19, 27, Mao, Xin39, Mao, Yajun75, Mari, Stefano M.20, 21, Marini, Filippo19, 27, Marium, Sadia3, Martellini, Cristina20, 21, Martin-Chassard, Gisele13, Martini, Agnese76, Mayilyan, Davit65, Mueller, Axel23, Mednieks, Ints77, Meng, Yue57, Meregaglia, Anselmo26, Meroni, Emanuela10, 11, Meyhoefer, David62, Mezzetto, Mauro19, Miller, Jonathan78, Miramonti, Lino10, 11, Monforte, Salvatore4, 5, Montini, Paolo20, 21, Montuschi, Michele15, 16, Morozov, Nikolay9, Muhammad, Waqas3, Muralidharan, Pavithra58, Nastasi, Massimiliano17, 18, Naumov, Dmitry V.9, Naumova, Elena9, Navas-Nicolas, Diana13, Nemchenok, Igor9, Ning, Feipeng7, Ning, Zhe7, Nunokawa, Hiroshi79, Oberauer, Lothar80, Ochoa-Ricoux, Juan Pedro1, 44, Olshevskiy, Alexander9, Orestano, Domizia20, 21, Ortica, Fausto41, 42, Pan, Hsiao-Ru24, Paoloni, Alessandro76, Parkalian, Nina58, Parmeggiano, Sergio10, 11, Payupol, Teerapat12, Pei, Yatian7, Pelliccia, Nicomede41, 42, Peng, Anguo68, Peng, Haiping8, Perrot, Frederic26, Petitjean, Pierre-Alexandre43, Petrucci, Fabrizio20, 21, Pineres Rico, Luis Felipe2, Pilarczyk, Oliver45, Popov, Artyom48, Poussot, Pascal2, Pratumwan, Wathan46, Previtali, Ezio17, 18, Qi, Fazhi7, Qi, Ming34, Qian, Sen7, Qian, Xiaohui7, Qiao, Hao75, Qin, Zhonghua7, Qiu, Shoukang68, Rajput, Muhammad3, Ranucci, Gioacchino10, 11, Raper, Neill38, Re, Alessandra10, 11, Rebber, Henning62, Rebii, Abdel26, Ren, Bin60, Ren, Jie63, Rezinko, Taras9, Ricci, Barbara15, 16, Robens, Markus58, Roche, Mathieu26, Rodphai, Narongkiat12, Romani, Aldo41, 42, Roskovec, Bedrich44, Roth, Christian58, Ruan, Xiangdong53, Ruan, Xichao63, Rujirawat, Saroj46, Rybnikov, Arseniy9, Sadovsky, Andrey9, Saggese, Paolo10, 11, Salamanna, Giuseppe20, 21, Sanfilippo, Simone20, 21, Sangka, Anut81, Sanguansak, Nuanwan46, Sawangwit, Utane81, Sawatzki, Julia80, Sawy, Fatma19, 27, Schever, Michaela22, 56, Schuler, Jacky2, Schwab, Cedric2, Schweizer, Konstantin80, Selivanov, Dmitry9, Selyunin, Alexandr9, Serafini, Andrea15, 16, Settanta, Giulio56, Settimo, Mariangela25, Shao, Zhuang61, Sharov, Vladislav9, Shi, Jingyan7, Shutov, Vitaly9, Sidorenkov, Andrey49, Simkovic, Fedor46, Sirignano, Chiara19, 27, Siripak, Jaruchit46, Sisti, Monica17, 18, Slupecki, Maciej51, Smirnov, Mikhail38, Smirnov, Oleg9, Sogo-Bezerra, Thiago25, Songwadhana, Julanan46, Soonthornthum, Boonrucksar81, Sotnikov, Albert9, Sramek, Ondrej47, Sreethawong, Warintorn46, Stahl, Achim22, Stanco, Luca19, Stankevich, Konstantin48, Stefanik, Dusan14, Steiger, Hans80, Steinmann, Jochen22, Sterr, Tobias23, Stock, Matthias Raphael80, Strati, Virginia15, 16, Studenikin, Alexander48, Sun, Gongxing7, Sun, Shifeng37, Sun, Xilei7, Sun, Yongjie8, Sun, Yongzhao7, Suwonjandee, Narumon12, Szelezniak, Michal2, Tang, Jian38, Tang, Qiang38, Tang, Quan68, Tang, Xiao7, Tietzsch, Alexander23, Tkachev, Igor49, Tmej, Tomas47, Treskov, Konstantin9, Triossi, Andrea2, Troni, Giancarlo1, Trzaska, Wladyslaw51, Tuve, Cristina4, 5, van Waasen, Stefan58, van den Boom, Johannes58, Vanroyen, Guillaume25, Vassilopoulos, Nikolaos7, Vedin, Vadim77, Verde, Giuseppe4, 5, Vialkov, Maxim48, Viaud, Benoit25, Volpe, Cristina13, Vorobel, Vit47, Votano, Lucia76, Walker, Pablo1, Wang, Caishen32, Wang, Chung-Hsiang31, Wang, En50, Wang, Guoli54, Wang, Jian8, Wang, Jun38, Wang, Kunyu7, Wang, Lu7, Wang, Meifen7, Wang, Meng68, 64, Wang, Meng68, 64, Wang, Ruiguang7, Wang, Siguang75, Wang, Wei34, Wang, Wenshuai7, Wang, Xi67, 38, Wang, Xiangyue38, Wang, Yangfu7, Wang, Yaoguang29, Wang, Yi7, 33, 52, Wang, Yifang7, Wang, Yuanqing33, Wang, Yuman34, Wang, Zhe7, 33, Wang, Zheng7, Wang, Zhimin7, Wang, Zongyi33, Watcharangkool, Apimook81, Wei, Lianghong7, Wei, Wei7, Wei, Yadong32, Wen, Liangjian7, Wiebusch, Christopher22, Wong, Steven Chan-Fai38, Wonsak, Bjoern62, Wu, Diru7, Wu, Fangliang34, Wu, Qun64, Wu, Wenjie29, Wu, Zhi7, Wurm, Michael45, Wurtz, Jacques2, Wysotzki, Christian22, Xi, Yufei55, Xia, Dongmei82, Xiao, Mengjiao67, Xie, Yuguang7, Xie, Zhangquan7, Xing, Zhizhong60, Xu, Benda33, Xu, Cheng68, Xu, Donglian57, 69, Xu, Fanrong59, Xu, Jilei7, Xu, Jing60, Xu, Meihang7, Xu, Yin66, Xu, Yu22, 56, Yan, Baojun7, Yan, Xiongbo7, Yan, Yupeng46, Yang, Anbo7, Yang, Changgen7, Yang, Huan7, Yang, Jie50, Yang, Lei32, Yang, Xiaoyu7, Yang, Yifan43, Yao, Haifeng7, Yasin, Zafar3, Ye, Jiaxuan7, Ye, Mei7, Ye, Ziping69, Yegin, Ugur58, Yermia, Frederic25, Yi, Peihuai7, Yin, Xiangwei7, You, Zhengyun38, Yu, Boxiang7, Yu, Chiye32, Yu, Chunxu66, Yu, Hongzhao38, Yu, Miao29, Yu, Xianghui66, Yu, Zeyuan7, Yuan, Chengzhuo7, Yuan, Ying75, Yuan, Zhenxiong33, Yuan, Ziyi29, Yue, Baobiao38, Zafar, Noman3, Zambanini, Andre58, Zeng, Shan7, Zeng, Tingxuan7, Zeng, Yuda38, Zhan, Liang7, Zhang, Feiyang57, Zhang, Guoqing7, Zhang, Haiqiong7, Zhang, Honghao38, Zhang, Jiawen7, Zhang, Jie7, Zhang, Jingbo54, Zhang, Peng7, Zhang, Qingmin55, Zhang, Shiqi38, Zhang, Shu38, Zhang, Tao57, Zhang, Xiaomei7, Zhang, Xuantong7, Zhang, Yan7, Zhang, Yinhong7, Zhang, Yiyu7, Zhang, Yongpeng7, Zhang, Yuanyuan57, Zhang, Yumei38, Zhang, Zhenyu29, Zhang, Zhijian32, Zhao, Fengyi35, Zhao, Jie7, Zhao, Rong38, Zhao, Shujun50, Zhao, Tianchi7, Zheng, Dongqin59, Zheng, Hua32, Zheng, Minshan63, Zheng, Yangheng70, Zhong, Weirong59, Zhou, Jing63, Zhou, Li7, Zhou, Nan8, Zhou, Shun7, Zhou, Xiang29, Zhu, Jiang38, Zhu, Kejun7, Zhuang, Honglin7, Zong, Liang33, Zou, Jiaheng7

1Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Santiago, Chile., 2Univ Strasbourg, IPHC, CNRS, IN2P3, F-67037 Strasbourg, France., 3Pakistan Inst Nucl Sci & Technol, Islamabad, Pakistan., 4Univ Catania, INFN Catania, Catania, Italy., 5Univ Catania, Dipartimento Fis & Astron, Catania, Italy., 6East China Univ Sci & Technol, Shanghai, Peoples R China., 7Inst High Energy Phys, Beijing, Peoples R China., 8Univ Sci & Technol China, Hefei, Peoples R China., 9Joint Inst Nucl Res, Dubna, Russia., 10Univ Milan, INFN Sez Milano, Milan, Italy., 11Univ Milan, Dipartimento Fis, Milan, Italy., 12Chulalongkorn Univ, Dept Phys, Fac Sci, Bangkok, Thailand., 13Univ Paris Saclay, IJCLab, CNRS, IN2P3, F-91405 Orsay, France., 14Comenius Univ, Fac Math Phys & Informat, Bratislava, Slovakia., 15Univ Ferrara, Dept Phys & Earth Sci, Ferrara, Italy., 16INFN Sez Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy., 17INFN Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy., 18Univ Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy., 19INFN Sez Padova, Padua, Italy., 20Univ Roma Tre, Rome, Italy., 21INFN Sez Roma Tre, Rome, Italy., 22Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Phys Inst B 3, Aachen, Germany., 23Eberhard Karls Univ Tubingen, Phys Inst, Tubingen, Germany., 24Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Phys, Taipei, Taiwan., 25Univ Nantes, SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS,IN2P3, Nantes, France., 26Univ Bordeaux, CNRS, CENBG, UMR 5797, F-33170 Gradignan, France., 27Univ Padua, Dipartimento Fis & Astron, Padua, Italy., 28Ctr Phys Particules Marseille, Marseille, France., 29Wuhan Univ, Wuhan, Peoples R China., 30Politecn Milan, Milan, Italy., 31Natl United Univ, Miaoli, Taiwan., 32Dongguan Univ Technol, Dongguan, Peoples R China., 33Tsinghua Univ, Beijing, Peoples R China., 34Nanjing Univ, Nanjing, Peoples R China., 35Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Modern Phys, Lanzhou, Peoples R China., 36Natl Chiao Tung Univ, Inst Phys, Hsinchu, Taiwan., 37North China Elect Power Univ, Beijing, Peoples R China., 38Sun Yat Sen Univ, Guangzhou, Peoples R China., 39Beijing Inst Spacecraft Environm Engn, Beijing, Peoples R China., 40Univ Estadual Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil., 41INFN Sez Perugia, Perugia, Italy., 42Univ Perugia, Dipartimento Chim Biol & Biotecnol, Perugia, Italy., 43Univ Libre Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium., 44Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Phys & Astron, Irvine, CA USA., 45Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Phys, Mainz, Germany., 46Suranaree Univ Technol, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand., 47Charles Univ Prague, Fac Math & Phys, Prague, Czech Republic., 48Lomonosov Moscow State Univ, Moscow, Russia., 49Russian Acad Sci, Inst Nucl Res, Moscow, Russia., 50Zhengzhou Univ, Sch Phys & Microelect, Zhengzhou, Peoples R China., 51Univ Jyvaskyla, Dept Phys, Jyvaskyla, Finland., 52Wuyi Univ, Jiangmen, Peoples R China., 53Guangxi Univ, Nanning, Peoples R China., 54Harbin Inst Technol, Harbin, Peoples R China., 55Chinese Acad Geol Sci, Inst Hydrogeol & Environm Geol, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, Peoples R China., 56Forschungszentrum Julich, Nucl Phys Inst IKP 2, Julich, Germany., 57Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Sch Phys & Astron, Shanghai, Peoples R China., 58Forschungszentrum Julich, Cent Inst Engn Elect & Analyt Elect Syst ZEA 2, Julich, Germany., 59Jinan Univ, Guangzhou, Peoples R China., 60Beijing Normal Univ, Beijing, Peoples R China., 61Xi An Jiao Tong Univ, Xian, Peoples R China., 62Univ Hamburg, Inst Expt Phys, Hamburg, Germany., 63China Inst Atom Energy, Beijing, Peoples R China., 64Shandong Univ, Jinan, Peoples R China., 65Yerevan Phys Inst, Yerevan, Armenia., 66Nankai Univ, Tianjin, Peoples R China., 67Natl Univ Def Technol, Coll Elect Sci & Engn, Changsha, Peoples R China., 68Univ South China, Radiochem & Nucl Chem Grp, Hengyang, Peoples R China., 69Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Tsung Dao Lee Inst, Shanghai, Peoples R China., 70Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China., 71INFN Catania, Catania, Italy., 72Ctr Siciliano Fis Nucl & Struttura Mat, Catania, Italy., 73Jilin Univ, Changchun, Peoples R China., 74Xiamen Univ, Xiamen, Peoples R China., 75Peking Univ, Sch Phys, Beijing, Peoples R China., 76Lab Nazl Frascati INFN, Rome, Italy., 77Inst Elect & Comp Sci, Riga, Latvia., 78Univ Tecn Federico Santa Maria, Valparaiso, Chile., 79Pontificia Univ Catolica Rio de Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil., 80Tech Univ Munich, Munich, Germany., 81Natl Astron Res Inst Thailand, Chiang Mai, Thailand., 82Chongqing Univ, Chongqing, Peoples R China.